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Tuesday, 27 March 18
SHIPPING MARKET ANALYSIS - GERRY LATHROP
 With the almost complete phase out of Tier II new-building slots on our door step, along with the plethora of emissions related articles seemingly published every other day, this week we will take a look at the pros and cons of different fuels, their emissions/by products, and conclude with possibly one of the best interim alternatives to the present emissions problem said Allied Shipbroking in its latest weekly report.
According to Gerry Lathrop, Research Analyst of Allied Shipbroking, Fuel oil(s) probably account for the largest percentage of marine fuels by weight consumed. The reason for this is quite simple, it’s incredibly cheap while they are also quite energy dense (around .97 – 1.0 sg or tons per cubic meter) when compared to other alternatives such as diesel (.85 sg) methanol (0.79 sg), LPG of equal parts C3 and C4 atoms (0.537 sg) and LNG (0.45 sg). In general, fuel oil releases the most carbon dioxide (CO2) during combustion, about 3.11 tons of CO2 per ton of product, followed by LPG at 3.01 mts, LNG 2.75mts, diesel 2.63 mts and methanol at 1.37 mts. Many of you may be thinking, how can 1 ton of product create 2 tons of CO2? The answer lies in the chemistry of the combustion process. Simply put, combustion takes carbon from the fuel, and adds oxygen from the atmosphere and releases energy. The oxygen in this case makes up more than 2 thirds of the CO2 molecules.
But where do NOx and SOx fall into play? Unfortunately, NOx and SOx emissions are not as straight forward to quantify. For example, Gerry Lathrop, Research Analyst of Allied Shipbroking further noted, the total sulfur content of a given fuel is heavily dependent on where it was sourced, while removing sulfur is quite difficult and expensive. For that reason, giving any concrete figures for fuel oil and diesel can be inaccurate. On the other hand, LNG and LPG often have their sulfur content removed through the use of an acid gas removal unit (AGR), which is then processed in a sulfur recovery unit (SRU). Unfortunately, NOx emissions are similar to SOx emissions in that they are not fixed. However, NOx differs from SOx, as the same fuel may produce little NOx emissions in one engine, and higher emissions in another. Similarly, the same engine may produce no NOx emissions at one speed or engine load, and then at full speed, may produce a significant amount of the pollutant. The main source of NOx in fuels stems from the high heat reached during combustion. In order to produce little NOx, the temperature inside and around the engine must be lower than about 760 degrees Celsius. Methanol, LNG, and LPG burn at lower temperatures than other fuels, and thus could produce lower amounts of NOx emissions. How does all this fit into the industries search for lowering harmful emissions? Well as there is yet to emerge a single fuel that is clean and has negligible harmful emissions, the cheapest and probably best alternative right now seems to be the scrubber. Scrubbers work by physically and chemically cleaning the harmful emissions inside the exhaust. This is done by spraying water over the gas in the smokestack and then either discharging it into the ocean in the case of open loop systems, or cleaning the water through the use of chemicals or filters, and then reusing the water again in the case of closed loop scrubbers. This is possibly a better interim solution for commercial shipping emissions, as LNG powered vessels can be more costly to buy and maintain, while retrofitting a vessel to run on LNG will probably cost more than a scrubber in most cases, especially when taking into consideration the technical and space restricting challenges that are usually involved in the case of switching to LNG.
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Friday, 06 September 24
REBOUND IN OIL DEMAND COULD LIFT MARKET IN LATTER HALF OF 2024 - BIMCO
Supply/demand
Based on a strong second half demand, the supply/balance is forecast to strengthen in 2024 but weaken slightly in 2025 as n ...
Friday, 06 September 24
GLOBAL SEABORNE LNG TRADE HAS CONTINUED TO INCREASE LAST YEAR - BANCHERO COSTA
Global seaborne LNG trade has continued to increase last year, helped also by the events in Ukraine which forced Europe to diversify away from Russ ...
Wednesday, 28 August 24
SEABORNE COAL IMPORTS INTO INDIA INCREASED BY +9.9% Y-O-Y TO 146.6 MLN T - BANCHERO COSTA
Global coal trade has really picked up pace over the past year, and is now fully back to pre-Covid levels said Banchero Costa Research in its lates ...
Tuesday, 06 August 24
EXERCISE CAUTION WITH AMMONIA SWITCH - BALTIC EXCHANGE
A new study from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has thrown a spanner into the plan to transition ships from diesel fuel to ammonia ...
Friday, 02 August 24
ENERGY MARKET DEVELOPMENTS: COAL AND NATURAL GAS PRICES REACH RECORD HIGHS - WORLD BANK
The recent surge in natural gas and coal prices has been so swift that the main benchmarks were roughly three times higher in 2022Q2 compared to a ...
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- Ministry of Mines - Canada
- Oldendorff Carriers - Singapore
- Sical Logistics Limited - India
- Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd, - India
- Bukit Baiduri Energy - Indonesia
- Uttam Galva Steels Limited - India
- Port Waratah Coal Services - Australia
- Commonwealth Bank - Australia
- Latin American Coal - Colombia
- Wilmar Investment Holdings
- Sakthi Sugars Limited - India
- Jorong Barutama Greston.PT - Indonesia
- GAC Shipping (India) Pvt Ltd
- Australian Coal Association
- Madhucon Powers Ltd - India
- Ceylon Electricity Board - Sri Lanka
- Binh Thuan Hamico - Vietnam
- Essar Steel Hazira Ltd - India
- Tata Chemicals Ltd - India
- Alfred C Toepfer International GmbH - Germany
- Krishnapatnam Port Company Ltd. - India
- London Commodity Brokers - England
- Ministry of Transport, Egypt
- SMG Consultants - Indonesia
- Posco Energy - South Korea
- Bahari Cakrawala Sebuku - Indonesia
- Edison Trading Spa - Italy
- Eastern Coal Council - USA
- Vijayanagar Sugar Pvt Ltd - India
- India Bulls Power Limited - India
- OPG Power Generation Pvt Ltd - India
- Intertek Mineral Services - Indonesia
- AsiaOL BioFuels Corp., Philippines
- Samtan Co., Ltd - South Korea
- Straits Asia Resources Limited - Singapore
- Power Finance Corporation Ltd., India
- Aditya Birla Group - India
- Trasteel International SA, Italy
- Aboitiz Power Corporation - Philippines
- Vizag Seaport Private Limited - India
- Meenaskhi Energy Private Limited - India
- Lanco Infratech Ltd - India
- Barasentosa Lestari - Indonesia
- Kaltim Prima Coal - Indonesia
- Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited - India
- Petron Corporation, Philippines
- Karbindo Abesyapradhi - Indoneisa
- Star Paper Mills Limited - India
- Ambuja Cements Ltd - India
- Indo Tambangraya Megah - Indonesia
- Jindal Steel & Power Ltd - India
- Semirara Mining Corp, Philippines
- Simpson Spence & Young - Indonesia
- Merrill Lynch Commodities Europe
- Ind-Barath Power Infra Limited - India
- Mercuria Energy - Indonesia
- Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
- Iligan Light & Power Inc, Philippines
- Sree Jayajothi Cements Limited - India
- Toyota Tsusho Corporation, Japan
- Formosa Plastics Group - Taiwan
- New Zealand Coal & Carbon
- Dr Ramakrishna Prasad Power Pvt Ltd - India
- CNBM International Corporation - China
- Savvy Resources Ltd - HongKong
- Goldman Sachs - Singapore
- Coalindo Energy - Indonesia
- Grasim Industreis Ltd - India
- The Treasury - Australian Government
- Mintek Dendrill Indonesia
- Eastern Energy - Thailand
- Xindia Steels Limited - India
- Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Romanian Commodities Exchange
- Bhushan Steel Limited - India
- Directorate General of MIneral and Coal - Indonesia
- Kumho Petrochemical, South Korea
- Indika Energy - Indonesia
- Kideco Jaya Agung - Indonesia
- Holcim Trading Pte Ltd - Singapore
- Vedanta Resources Plc - India
- Electricity Authority, New Zealand
- Mercator Lines Limited - India
- Chamber of Mines of South Africa
- European Bulk Services B.V. - Netherlands
- Borneo Indobara - Indonesia
- Kalimantan Lumbung Energi - Indonesia
- Semirara Mining and Power Corporation, Philippines
- Pipit Mutiara Jaya. PT, Indonesia
- Jaiprakash Power Ventures ltd
- Dong Bac Coal Mineral Investment Coporation - Vietnam
- TeaM Sual Corporation - Philippines
- Bharathi Cement Corporation - India
- Miang Besar Coal Terminal - Indonesia
- The University of Queensland
- Kartika Selabumi Mining - Indonesia
- Bhoruka Overseas - Indonesia
- Kobexindo Tractors - Indoneisa
- The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd
- Directorate Of Revenue Intelligence - India
- Chettinad Cement Corporation Ltd - India
- Antam Resourcindo - Indonesia
- Riau Bara Harum - Indonesia
- Georgia Ports Authority, United States
- GN Power Mariveles Coal Plant, Philippines
- Cement Manufacturers Association - India
- PowerSource Philippines DevCo
- LBH Netherlands Bv - Netherlands
- Filglen & Citicon Mining (HK) Ltd - Hong Kong
- Indogreen Group - Indonesia
- Renaissance Capital - South Africa
- Energy Development Corp, Philippines
- Medco Energi Mining Internasional
- South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation
- Africa Commodities Group - South Africa
- Offshore Bulk Terminal Pte Ltd, Singapore
- Tamil Nadu electricity Board
- Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd - Australia
- Minerals Council of Australia
- Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- San Jose City I Power Corp, Philippines
- PetroVietnam Power Coal Import and Supply Company
- Karaikal Port Pvt Ltd - India
- Dalmia Cement Bharat India
- Bangladesh Power Developement Board
- Makarim & Taira - Indonesia
- Interocean Group of Companies - India
- Attock Cement Pakistan Limited
- MS Steel International - UAE
- Coastal Gujarat Power Limited - India
- Gujarat Mineral Development Corp Ltd - India
- Bukit Makmur.PT - Indonesia
- Timah Investasi Mineral - Indoneisa
- Cigading International Bulk Terminal - Indonesia
- Metalloyd Limited - United Kingdom
- Billiton Holdings Pty Ltd - Australia
- CIMB Investment Bank - Malaysia
- Malabar Cements Ltd - India
- Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd
- Videocon Industries ltd - India
- Larsen & Toubro Limited - India
- Carbofer General Trading SA - India
- Sarangani Energy Corporation, Philippines
- Indonesian Coal Mining Association
- ASAPP Information Group - India
- Orica Australia Pty. Ltd.
- Therma Luzon, Inc, Philippines
- ICICI Bank Limited - India
- Asia Pacific Energy Resources Ventures Inc, Philippines
- Pendopo Energi Batubara - Indonesia
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited
- Parliament of New Zealand
- Globalindo Alam Lestari - Indonesia
- Anglo American - United Kingdom
- White Energy Company Limited
- IHS Mccloskey Coal Group - USA
- Global Green Power PLC Corporation, Philippines
- Indian Energy Exchange, India
- Banpu Public Company Limited - Thailand
- PNOC Exploration Corporation - Philippines
- Maheswari Brothers Coal Limited - India
- SMC Global Power, Philippines
- Bulk Trading Sa - Switzerland
- Manunggal Multi Energi - Indonesia
- GMR Energy Limited - India
- McConnell Dowell - Australia
- Coal and Oil Company - UAE
- Ministry of Finance - Indonesia
- Thai Mozambique Logistica
- PTC India Limited - India
- Bayan Resources Tbk. - Indonesia
- Global Coal Blending Company Limited - Australia
- Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk - Indonesia
- Altura Mining Limited, Indonesia
- Global Business Power Corporation, Philippines
- Sinarmas Energy and Mining - Indonesia
- International Coal Ventures Pvt Ltd - India
- Petrochimia International Co. Ltd.- Taiwan
- Orica Mining Services - Indonesia
- Rio Tinto Coal - Australia
- Kapuas Tunggal Persada - Indonesia
- Energy Link Ltd, New Zealand
- Mjunction Services Limited - India
- Planning Commission, India
- Parry Sugars Refinery, India
- Sindya Power Generating Company Private Ltd
- Independent Power Producers Association of India
- IEA Clean Coal Centre - UK
- Kepco SPC Power Corporation, Philippines
- Sojitz Corporation - Japan
- Heidelberg Cement - Germany
- Kohat Cement Company Ltd. - Pakistan
- Meralco Power Generation, Philippines
- Marubeni Corporation - India
- Siam City Cement PLC, Thailand
- Wood Mackenzie - Singapore
- Deloitte Consulting - India
- Singapore Mercantile Exchange
- Truba Alam Manunggal Engineering.Tbk - Indonesia
- Bhatia International Limited - India
- Central Electricity Authority - India
- Asmin Koalindo Tuhup - Indonesia
- Agrawal Coal Company - India
- Salva Resources Pvt Ltd - India
- Siam City Cement - Thailand
- Central Java Power - Indonesia
- TNB Fuel Sdn Bhd - Malaysia
- Economic Council, Georgia
- Australian Commodity Traders Exchange
- Standard Chartered Bank - UAE
- Price Waterhouse Coopers - Russia
- SN Aboitiz Power Inc, Philippines
- Thiess Contractors Indonesia
- GVK Power & Infra Limited - India
- Gujarat Sidhee Cement - India
- VISA Power Limited - India
- Baramulti Group, Indonesia
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