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Monday, 14 July 14
THE END OF THE ERA OF HEAVY FUEL OIL IN MARITIME SHIPPING - ICCT
 KNOWLEDGE TO ELEVATE
Since the 1960s, heavy fuel oil (HFO) has been the king of marine fuels. Viscous, dirty, yet inexpensive and widely available, HFO propelled a long period of robust growth in international shipping, which carries over 90% of intercontinental trade by volume each year. For many, it is the lifeblood of the maritime shipping industry.
But HFO’s low price does not reflect its impacts on the environment and human health. The sulfur content of HFO can be up to 35,000 parts per million. It is the reason that maritime shipping accounts for 8% of global emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), making the industry an important source for acid rain as well as respiratory diseases. In some populous port cities, such as Hong Kong, shipping is the largest single source of SO2 emissions as well as emissions of particulate matter (PM), which are directly tied to the sulfur content of fuel. By one estimate, PM emissions from maritime shipping led to 87,000 premature deaths worldwide in 2012.
The International Maritime Organization (IMO), the governing body of international shipping, has made a decisive effort to diversify the industry away from HFO into cleaner fuels with less harmful effects on the environment and human health. Effective in 2015, ships operated within the Emission Control Areas (ECAs) covering the Economic Exclusive Zone of North America, the Baltic Sea, the North Sea, and the English Channel will begin to use Marine Gas Oil (MGO) with allowable sulfur content up to 1,000 ppm. Starting from 2020, ships sailing outside ECAs will switch to Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) with permitted sulfur content up to 5,000 ppm.*
That tectonic shift also creates openings for a variety of new fuels. Liquefied nature gas (LNG), newly abundant and relatively affordable, is attracting the attention of many shipping companies. Although the lack of infrastructure and the uncertainty of future prices have slowed the “dash to gas,” many expect LNG to establish itself as one of major alternatives to HFO in the future. Lloyds Registry, a shipping classification society, expects LNG to take 11% of the market share in 2030.
Meanwhile, Stena Teknik, a Swedish company, is testing methanol, another natural gas product, but one that requires less storage space in a ship and is relatively easier to handle. While natural gas-based fuels may sometimes offer questionable climate benefits, due to methane leakage concerns, the IMO’s low-sulfur regulation may create needed openings for other zero-sulfur, low-carbon marine fuels. Tests using fuel cells on the Viking Lady, an offshore supply ship, demonstrated promising results.
Wind kites and solar panels have already been installed on numerous ships to supplement marine diesel engines. Even HFO will not completely disappear from the menu of marine fuels. Combined with scrubbers that capture more than 99% of the sulfur from the exhaust gas, HFO will continue to play an important role. Lloyds Registry reckons that HFO will represent about 40% of fuel use by 2030.
The shift to cleaner but pricier low-sulfur fuels is likely to heighten interest in the “fifth fuel”: energy efficiency. Historically, the maritime shipping industry, where energy often accounts for over half of operating costs, has responded to escalating fuel prices with innovative energy-saving strategies. To cite a recent example: in 2008, as fuel prices went through the roof, shipping lines cut their operating speeds by as much as 50%, helping many companies stay afloat amid one of the worst downturns in history. In an analysis of satellite data on ship operations, we’ve estimated that the industry can further slash 100 million ton of fuel use by 2030 through wider implementation of energy-saving measures that were adopted by industry leaders in 2011.
This is in addition to savings of 90 million tons of fuel because of the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), a mandatory program that will require new ships to achieve certain efficiency targets beginning in 2015.
The continued diversification of marine fuels and improvements in energy efficiency have important implications. First and foremost, they may alleviate concerns about the availability of low-sulfur fuels. Figure 1 illustrates one possible scenario, using our forecast on future marine fuel consumption and energy efficiency improvements as well as Lloyds Registry’s estimate of market shares for HFO and LNG. The efficiency improvement of the legacy fleet is the greatest force driving down the need for low-sulfur fuels, equivalent to adding about 110 “negatons” of fuel, or almost 24% of projected demand. HFO combined with scrubbers, EEDI, and distillates (MGO plus MDO) are almost neck and neck, each representing about 20% of fuel use in the chart. LNG is coming of age, with its share doubling between 2020 and 2030. Other fuels, such as renewables, fuel cells, and biofuels, are expected to hold only small market shares in 2030.
Second, the new fuels are on a collision course with IMO safety regulations concerning flashpoint, the temperature at which a fuel can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air.
The IMO currently requires marine fuels to have a minimum flashpoint of 60°C. But low-sulfur fuels have a lower flashpoint (50° to 55°C), meaning that they are “off-spec” and cannot be used under the IMO rule. The flashpoint requirement, which went into effect in 1976, was meant to provide a large margin of error to ensure the temperature of the engine room (normally below 45°C) does not exceed the flashpoint in any circumstance. But according to industry heavyweights such as Maersk and BIMCO, modern technologies such as advanced ventilation systems provide an adequate safety margin, and they argue that keeping the flashpoint requirement will cause the industry to miss the opportunity represented by the increased availability of low-sulfur, low-flashpoint fuels. Industry and member states such as the U.S. are urging the IMO to accelerate its consideration of an amendment to the flashpoint requirement.
By: Haifeng Wang / The International Council of Clean Transportation
*Implementation of the requirement is subject to a review of fuel availability to be completed by 2016.
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Wednesday, 22 November 23
INDIA: GOVERNMENT PLANS 1.4 BILLION TONNE COAL OUTPUT BY 2027 - LIVEMINT
The Union coal ministry on Monday announced plans to increase India’s coal production to 1.404 billion tonne by 2027, with an eye to further ...
Wednesday, 22 November 23
OBLIGATION. INDONESIA AIMS TO START COLLECTING LEVIES FROM COAL MINERS IN JANUARY - REUTERS
Indonesia plans to start collecting levies from coal miners in January to be used to compensate miners who sell coal to the state utility at lower ...
Tuesday, 21 November 23
INDIAN COAL POWER PLANTS’ CAPACITY UTILISATION WILL IMPROVE TO 65% THIS FISCAL: - CRISIL
Coal-based thermal power units’ plant load factor (PLF) or capacity utilisation will improve to 65 percent in the current fiscal year despite ...
Tuesday, 14 November 23
CAPITAL PRODUCT PARTNERS L.P. ANNOUNCES TRANSFORMATIVE TRANSACTION INCLUDING THE ACQUISITION OF 11 NEWBUILD LNG CARRIERS FOR $3.1 BILLION
Capital Product Partners L.P. announced that it has entered into an umbrella agreement (the “Umbrella Agreement”) with Capital Maritime ...
Tuesday, 14 November 23
COAL INDIA BEATS Q2 PROFIT VIEW ON HIGH POWER DEMAND AMID WEAK MONSOON - REUTERS
Coal India on Friday reported better-than-expected second-quarter profit, helped by high power demand and boosted production amid a weak monsoon.
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- Central Java Power - Indonesia
- Grasim Industreis Ltd - India
- Ministry of Finance - Indonesia
- Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd - Australia
- Planning Commission, India
- Billiton Holdings Pty Ltd - Australia
- Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- TNB Fuel Sdn Bhd - Malaysia
- Georgia Ports Authority, United States
- Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk - Indonesia
- Aboitiz Power Corporation - Philippines
- Kalimantan Lumbung Energi - Indonesia
- OPG Power Generation Pvt Ltd - India
- Maheswari Brothers Coal Limited - India
- Barasentosa Lestari - Indonesia
- Indian Energy Exchange, India
- Simpson Spence & Young - Indonesia
- Madhucon Powers Ltd - India
- Aditya Birla Group - India
- Orica Mining Services - Indonesia
- Chamber of Mines of South Africa
- Minerals Council of Australia
- Energy Development Corp, Philippines
- Australian Commodity Traders Exchange
- PetroVietnam Power Coal Import and Supply Company
- Miang Besar Coal Terminal - Indonesia
- Agrawal Coal Company - India
- Heidelberg Cement - Germany
- Edison Trading Spa - Italy
- London Commodity Brokers - England
- Samtan Co., Ltd - South Korea
- Coastal Gujarat Power Limited - India
- Bhushan Steel Limited - India
- Tamil Nadu electricity Board
- CIMB Investment Bank - Malaysia
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited
- Larsen & Toubro Limited - India
- Dong Bac Coal Mineral Investment Coporation - Vietnam
- San Jose City I Power Corp, Philippines
- Sakthi Sugars Limited - India
- Alfred C Toepfer International GmbH - Germany
- Price Waterhouse Coopers - Russia
- ASAPP Information Group - India
- Semirara Mining Corp, Philippines
- Formosa Plastics Group - Taiwan
- Antam Resourcindo - Indonesia
- Jindal Steel & Power Ltd - India
- Makarim & Taira - Indonesia
- CNBM International Corporation - China
- Ministry of Mines - Canada
- Bhatia International Limited - India
- Anglo American - United Kingdom
- India Bulls Power Limited - India
- Wood Mackenzie - Singapore
- IEA Clean Coal Centre - UK
- Thai Mozambique Logistica
- Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited - India
- Bharathi Cement Corporation - India
- Kohat Cement Company Ltd. - Pakistan
- Africa Commodities Group - South Africa
- Pipit Mutiara Jaya. PT, Indonesia
- Standard Chartered Bank - UAE
- ICICI Bank Limited - India
- LBH Netherlands Bv - Netherlands
- Coal and Oil Company - UAE
- Gujarat Sidhee Cement - India
- Sinarmas Energy and Mining - Indonesia
- IHS Mccloskey Coal Group - USA
- Petrochimia International Co. Ltd.- Taiwan
- Chettinad Cement Corporation Ltd - India
- Timah Investasi Mineral - Indoneisa
- Sical Logistics Limited - India
- Petron Corporation, Philippines
- Medco Energi Mining Internasional
- Latin American Coal - Colombia
- Semirara Mining and Power Corporation, Philippines
- Singapore Mercantile Exchange
- Romanian Commodities Exchange
- Mintek Dendrill Indonesia
- Kepco SPC Power Corporation, Philippines
- Kobexindo Tractors - Indoneisa
- Star Paper Mills Limited - India
- The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd
- Bangladesh Power Developement Board
- Coalindo Energy - Indonesia
- VISA Power Limited - India
- Bhoruka Overseas - Indonesia
- Indika Energy - Indonesia
- Independent Power Producers Association of India
- SMG Consultants - Indonesia
- Cement Manufacturers Association - India
- European Bulk Services B.V. - Netherlands
- Port Waratah Coal Services - Australia
- Indogreen Group - Indonesia
- Meralco Power Generation, Philippines
- Dr Ramakrishna Prasad Power Pvt Ltd - India
- Sarangani Energy Corporation, Philippines
- Asmin Koalindo Tuhup - Indonesia
- Videocon Industries ltd - India
- Ind-Barath Power Infra Limited - India
- Posco Energy - South Korea
- Parliament of New Zealand
- Baramulti Group, Indonesia
- Dalmia Cement Bharat India
- Savvy Resources Ltd - HongKong
- Ceylon Electricity Board - Sri Lanka
- Gujarat Mineral Development Corp Ltd - India
- White Energy Company Limited
- Bulk Trading Sa - Switzerland
- Asia Pacific Energy Resources Ventures Inc, Philippines
- Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Lanco Infratech Ltd - India
- Uttam Galva Steels Limited - India
- GAC Shipping (India) Pvt Ltd
- Vizag Seaport Private Limited - India
- Offshore Bulk Terminal Pte Ltd, Singapore
- Siam City Cement - Thailand
- Iligan Light & Power Inc, Philippines
- Economic Council, Georgia
- Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
- Eastern Energy - Thailand
- Ministry of Transport, Egypt
- Bukit Makmur.PT - Indonesia
- Banpu Public Company Limited - Thailand
- Holcim Trading Pte Ltd - Singapore
- Salva Resources Pvt Ltd - India
- Mercator Lines Limited - India
- Bahari Cakrawala Sebuku - Indonesia
- Jaiprakash Power Ventures ltd
- Power Finance Corporation Ltd., India
- PowerSource Philippines DevCo
- Vedanta Resources Plc - India
- SMC Global Power, Philippines
- Sindya Power Generating Company Private Ltd
- Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd
- Krishnapatnam Port Company Ltd. - India
- Kaltim Prima Coal - Indonesia
- Cigading International Bulk Terminal - Indonesia
- South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation
- Wilmar Investment Holdings
- Deloitte Consulting - India
- Mjunction Services Limited - India
- Global Green Power PLC Corporation, Philippines
- Bayan Resources Tbk. - Indonesia
- Metalloyd Limited - United Kingdom
- Energy Link Ltd, New Zealand
- Siam City Cement PLC, Thailand
- Attock Cement Pakistan Limited
- Commonwealth Bank - Australia
- Truba Alam Manunggal Engineering.Tbk - Indonesia
- Riau Bara Harum - Indonesia
- Sojitz Corporation - Japan
- Carbofer General Trading SA - India
- Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd, - India
- Essar Steel Hazira Ltd - India
- Xindia Steels Limited - India
- Pendopo Energi Batubara - Indonesia
- Electricity Authority, New Zealand
- Manunggal Multi Energi - Indonesia
- McConnell Dowell - Australia
- PTC India Limited - India
- Interocean Group of Companies - India
- Merrill Lynch Commodities Europe
- Globalindo Alam Lestari - Indonesia
- Oldendorff Carriers - Singapore
- Rio Tinto Coal - Australia
- Intertek Mineral Services - Indonesia
- New Zealand Coal & Carbon
- GVK Power & Infra Limited - India
- Binh Thuan Hamico - Vietnam
- GN Power Mariveles Coal Plant, Philippines
- The University of Queensland
- Borneo Indobara - Indonesia
- Central Electricity Authority - India
- Toyota Tsusho Corporation, Japan
- Ambuja Cements Ltd - India
- Parry Sugars Refinery, India
- Meenaskhi Energy Private Limited - India
- SN Aboitiz Power Inc, Philippines
- Global Coal Blending Company Limited - Australia
- Kartika Selabumi Mining - Indonesia
- The Treasury - Australian Government
- Marubeni Corporation - India
- Goldman Sachs - Singapore
- Sree Jayajothi Cements Limited - India
- Kideco Jaya Agung - Indonesia
- Global Business Power Corporation, Philippines
- Renaissance Capital - South Africa
- Filglen & Citicon Mining (HK) Ltd - Hong Kong
- GMR Energy Limited - India
- Tata Chemicals Ltd - India
- Thiess Contractors Indonesia
- Eastern Coal Council - USA
- Vijayanagar Sugar Pvt Ltd - India
- AsiaOL BioFuels Corp., Philippines
- Mercuria Energy - Indonesia
- Malabar Cements Ltd - India
- Jorong Barutama Greston.PT - Indonesia
- Indonesian Coal Mining Association
- Bukit Baiduri Energy - Indonesia
- International Coal Ventures Pvt Ltd - India
- PNOC Exploration Corporation - Philippines
- MS Steel International - UAE
- Trasteel International SA, Italy
- Directorate General of MIneral and Coal - Indonesia
- Karbindo Abesyapradhi - Indoneisa
- Straits Asia Resources Limited - Singapore
- Indo Tambangraya Megah - Indonesia
- Directorate Of Revenue Intelligence - India
- Therma Luzon, Inc, Philippines
- Kumho Petrochemical, South Korea
- Altura Mining Limited, Indonesia
- Kapuas Tunggal Persada - Indonesia
- Karaikal Port Pvt Ltd - India
- TeaM Sual Corporation - Philippines
- Orica Australia Pty. Ltd.
- Australian Coal Association
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