We welcome article submissions from experts in the areas of coal, mining,
shipping, etc.
To Submit your article please click here.
|
|
|
Monday, 14 July 14
THE END OF THE ERA OF HEAVY FUEL OIL IN MARITIME SHIPPING - ICCT
 KNOWLEDGE TO ELEVATE
Since the 1960s, heavy fuel oil (HFO) has been the king of marine fuels. Viscous, dirty, yet inexpensive and widely available, HFO propelled a long period of robust growth in international shipping, which carries over 90% of intercontinental trade by volume each year. For many, it is the lifeblood of the maritime shipping industry.
But HFO’s low price does not reflect its impacts on the environment and human health. The sulfur content of HFO can be up to 35,000 parts per million. It is the reason that maritime shipping accounts for 8% of global emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), making the industry an important source for acid rain as well as respiratory diseases. In some populous port cities, such as Hong Kong, shipping is the largest single source of SO2 emissions as well as emissions of particulate matter (PM), which are directly tied to the sulfur content of fuel. By one estimate, PM emissions from maritime shipping led to 87,000 premature deaths worldwide in 2012.
The International Maritime Organization (IMO), the governing body of international shipping, has made a decisive effort to diversify the industry away from HFO into cleaner fuels with less harmful effects on the environment and human health. Effective in 2015, ships operated within the Emission Control Areas (ECAs) covering the Economic Exclusive Zone of North America, the Baltic Sea, the North Sea, and the English Channel will begin to use Marine Gas Oil (MGO) with allowable sulfur content up to 1,000 ppm. Starting from 2020, ships sailing outside ECAs will switch to Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) with permitted sulfur content up to 5,000 ppm.*
That tectonic shift also creates openings for a variety of new fuels. Liquefied nature gas (LNG), newly abundant and relatively affordable, is attracting the attention of many shipping companies. Although the lack of infrastructure and the uncertainty of future prices have slowed the “dash to gas,” many expect LNG to establish itself as one of major alternatives to HFO in the future. Lloyds Registry, a shipping classification society, expects LNG to take 11% of the market share in 2030.
Meanwhile, Stena Teknik, a Swedish company, is testing methanol, another natural gas product, but one that requires less storage space in a ship and is relatively easier to handle. While natural gas-based fuels may sometimes offer questionable climate benefits, due to methane leakage concerns, the IMO’s low-sulfur regulation may create needed openings for other zero-sulfur, low-carbon marine fuels. Tests using fuel cells on the Viking Lady, an offshore supply ship, demonstrated promising results.
Wind kites and solar panels have already been installed on numerous ships to supplement marine diesel engines. Even HFO will not completely disappear from the menu of marine fuels. Combined with scrubbers that capture more than 99% of the sulfur from the exhaust gas, HFO will continue to play an important role. Lloyds Registry reckons that HFO will represent about 40% of fuel use by 2030.
The shift to cleaner but pricier low-sulfur fuels is likely to heighten interest in the “fifth fuel”: energy efficiency. Historically, the maritime shipping industry, where energy often accounts for over half of operating costs, has responded to escalating fuel prices with innovative energy-saving strategies. To cite a recent example: in 2008, as fuel prices went through the roof, shipping lines cut their operating speeds by as much as 50%, helping many companies stay afloat amid one of the worst downturns in history. In an analysis of satellite data on ship operations, we’ve estimated that the industry can further slash 100 million ton of fuel use by 2030 through wider implementation of energy-saving measures that were adopted by industry leaders in 2011.
This is in addition to savings of 90 million tons of fuel because of the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), a mandatory program that will require new ships to achieve certain efficiency targets beginning in 2015.
The continued diversification of marine fuels and improvements in energy efficiency have important implications. First and foremost, they may alleviate concerns about the availability of low-sulfur fuels. Figure 1 illustrates one possible scenario, using our forecast on future marine fuel consumption and energy efficiency improvements as well as Lloyds Registry’s estimate of market shares for HFO and LNG. The efficiency improvement of the legacy fleet is the greatest force driving down the need for low-sulfur fuels, equivalent to adding about 110 “negatons” of fuel, or almost 24% of projected demand. HFO combined with scrubbers, EEDI, and distillates (MGO plus MDO) are almost neck and neck, each representing about 20% of fuel use in the chart. LNG is coming of age, with its share doubling between 2020 and 2030. Other fuels, such as renewables, fuel cells, and biofuels, are expected to hold only small market shares in 2030.
Second, the new fuels are on a collision course with IMO safety regulations concerning flashpoint, the temperature at which a fuel can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air.
The IMO currently requires marine fuels to have a minimum flashpoint of 60°C. But low-sulfur fuels have a lower flashpoint (50° to 55°C), meaning that they are “off-spec” and cannot be used under the IMO rule. The flashpoint requirement, which went into effect in 1976, was meant to provide a large margin of error to ensure the temperature of the engine room (normally below 45°C) does not exceed the flashpoint in any circumstance. But according to industry heavyweights such as Maersk and BIMCO, modern technologies such as advanced ventilation systems provide an adequate safety margin, and they argue that keeping the flashpoint requirement will cause the industry to miss the opportunity represented by the increased availability of low-sulfur, low-flashpoint fuels. Industry and member states such as the U.S. are urging the IMO to accelerate its consideration of an amendment to the flashpoint requirement.
By: Haifeng Wang / The International Council of Clean Transportation
*Implementation of the requirement is subject to a review of fuel availability to be completed by 2016.
If you believe an article violates your rights or the rights of others, please contact us.
|
|
Friday, 01 December 23
COAL MINERS GROUP EXPECTS INDONESIA’S 2023 COAL OUTPUT TO SURPASS TARGET - REUTERS
The Indonesian Coal Mining Association (ICMA) expects the country’s 2023 coal output to surpass the official target of 695 million metric ton ...
Friday, 24 November 23
COAL IMPORTS TO INDIA IN OCTOBER 2023 REACHED HIGHEST LEVELS IN NEARLY A YEAR AND A HALF - VESSELSVALUE, VESON NAUTICAL
In October, coal imports to India reached 13.8 mt in October 2023, according to Oceanbolt, a Veson Nautical solution, the highest level since May 2 ...
Friday, 24 November 23
COAL SHIPMENTS TO ADVANCED ECONOMIES DOWN 17% SO FAR IN 2023 - BIMCO
In the first ten months of 2023, coal shipments to advanced economies fell by 17% y/y, as demand for electricity declined and the share of electric ...
Friday, 24 November 23
INTELLIGENT COAL MINES CONTRIBUTE TO IMPROVING SAFETY STANDARDS - CHINA DAILY
Mechanization, automation and intelligent upgrades have contributed to improved safety in coal mines, though the level of development of intelligen ...
Friday, 24 November 23
WHY AUSTRALIA'S COAL MINES ARE GETTING BIGGER - IEEFA
Australia’s largest coal mines are getting larger. Mines in New South Wales (NSW) are ramping up production following the state’s recov ...
|
|
|
Showing 66 to 70 news of total 6871 |
|
 |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
 |
|
|
| |
|
- Bukit Baiduri Energy - Indonesia
- ASAPP Information Group - India
- GVK Power & Infra Limited - India
- Bayan Resources Tbk. - Indonesia
- Bhatia International Limited - India
- Coalindo Energy - Indonesia
- Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- IHS Mccloskey Coal Group - USA
- Heidelberg Cement - Germany
- Vizag Seaport Private Limited - India
- Altura Mining Limited, Indonesia
- Gujarat Mineral Development Corp Ltd - India
- Kobexindo Tractors - Indoneisa
- Borneo Indobara - Indonesia
- GAC Shipping (India) Pvt Ltd
- Ministry of Finance - Indonesia
- Romanian Commodities Exchange
- San Jose City I Power Corp, Philippines
- Salva Resources Pvt Ltd - India
- Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited - India
- Tata Chemicals Ltd - India
- Manunggal Multi Energi - Indonesia
- Samtan Co., Ltd - South Korea
- Bhushan Steel Limited - India
- Thiess Contractors Indonesia
- Barasentosa Lestari - Indonesia
- Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd - Australia
- Attock Cement Pakistan Limited
- Kepco SPC Power Corporation, Philippines
- Uttam Galva Steels Limited - India
- Indian Energy Exchange, India
- Malabar Cements Ltd - India
- Kaltim Prima Coal - Indonesia
- Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- SMG Consultants - Indonesia
- Bangladesh Power Developement Board
- Simpson Spence & Young - Indonesia
- Sojitz Corporation - Japan
- Meenaskhi Energy Private Limited - India
- TNB Fuel Sdn Bhd - Malaysia
- Carbofer General Trading SA - India
- Vedanta Resources Plc - India
- Energy Development Corp, Philippines
- Toyota Tsusho Corporation, Japan
- Sinarmas Energy and Mining - Indonesia
- Parliament of New Zealand
- Interocean Group of Companies - India
- Directorate General of MIneral and Coal - Indonesia
- Petrochimia International Co. Ltd.- Taiwan
- Latin American Coal - Colombia
- Singapore Mercantile Exchange
- PowerSource Philippines DevCo
- Alfred C Toepfer International GmbH - Germany
- Antam Resourcindo - Indonesia
- Sical Logistics Limited - India
- Posco Energy - South Korea
- Chettinad Cement Corporation Ltd - India
- Commonwealth Bank - Australia
- The Treasury - Australian Government
- Karbindo Abesyapradhi - Indoneisa
- Price Waterhouse Coopers - Russia
- London Commodity Brokers - England
- Edison Trading Spa - Italy
- Cigading International Bulk Terminal - Indonesia
- Global Business Power Corporation, Philippines
- Globalindo Alam Lestari - Indonesia
- Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
- Deloitte Consulting - India
- Merrill Lynch Commodities Europe
- Straits Asia Resources Limited - Singapore
- Makarim & Taira - Indonesia
- TeaM Sual Corporation - Philippines
- Power Finance Corporation Ltd., India
- International Coal Ventures Pvt Ltd - India
- Asmin Koalindo Tuhup - Indonesia
- Orica Australia Pty. Ltd.
- Riau Bara Harum - Indonesia
- Mjunction Services Limited - India
- Bukit Makmur.PT - Indonesia
- VISA Power Limited - India
- Thai Mozambique Logistica
- Siam City Cement - Thailand
- Kalimantan Lumbung Energi - Indonesia
- New Zealand Coal & Carbon
- Meralco Power Generation, Philippines
- Larsen & Toubro Limited - India
- Semirara Mining Corp, Philippines
- Trasteel International SA, Italy
- Global Green Power PLC Corporation, Philippines
- CNBM International Corporation - China
- Ind-Barath Power Infra Limited - India
- Dalmia Cement Bharat India
- Bharathi Cement Corporation - India
- Dong Bac Coal Mineral Investment Coporation - Vietnam
- White Energy Company Limited
- Ambuja Cements Ltd - India
- Kohat Cement Company Ltd. - Pakistan
- Marubeni Corporation - India
- Directorate Of Revenue Intelligence - India
- Coastal Gujarat Power Limited - India
- Kumho Petrochemical, South Korea
- LBH Netherlands Bv - Netherlands
- Oldendorff Carriers - Singapore
- Cement Manufacturers Association - India
- IEA Clean Coal Centre - UK
- Sindya Power Generating Company Private Ltd
- Wilmar Investment Holdings
- Lanco Infratech Ltd - India
- Economic Council, Georgia
- Aboitiz Power Corporation - Philippines
- Anglo American - United Kingdom
- Pendopo Energi Batubara - Indonesia
- Port Waratah Coal Services - Australia
- Asia Pacific Energy Resources Ventures Inc, Philippines
- Pipit Mutiara Jaya. PT, Indonesia
- Standard Chartered Bank - UAE
- Maheswari Brothers Coal Limited - India
- Central Java Power - Indonesia
- Electricity Authority, New Zealand
- Ceylon Electricity Board - Sri Lanka
- Formosa Plastics Group - Taiwan
- Krishnapatnam Port Company Ltd. - India
- Eastern Coal Council - USA
- Jorong Barutama Greston.PT - Indonesia
- Coal and Oil Company - UAE
- Iligan Light & Power Inc, Philippines
- Metalloyd Limited - United Kingdom
- Jindal Steel & Power Ltd - India
- Kartika Selabumi Mining - Indonesia
- Mercator Lines Limited - India
- Eastern Energy - Thailand
- Filglen & Citicon Mining (HK) Ltd - Hong Kong
- Baramulti Group, Indonesia
- Videocon Industries ltd - India
- AsiaOL BioFuels Corp., Philippines
- Renaissance Capital - South Africa
- ICICI Bank Limited - India
- Kapuas Tunggal Persada - Indonesia
- Goldman Sachs - Singapore
- Mercuria Energy - Indonesia
- Karaikal Port Pvt Ltd - India
- The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd
- Australian Commodity Traders Exchange
- Bulk Trading Sa - Switzerland
- Kideco Jaya Agung - Indonesia
- Madhucon Powers Ltd - India
- Vijayanagar Sugar Pvt Ltd - India
- Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd, - India
- Planning Commission, India
- Africa Commodities Group - South Africa
- CIMB Investment Bank - Malaysia
- Agrawal Coal Company - India
- Sree Jayajothi Cements Limited - India
- Jaiprakash Power Ventures ltd
- South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation
- Indonesian Coal Mining Association
- Indo Tambangraya Megah - Indonesia
- Siam City Cement PLC, Thailand
- Chamber of Mines of South Africa
- Timah Investasi Mineral - Indoneisa
- Indogreen Group - Indonesia
- Dr Ramakrishna Prasad Power Pvt Ltd - India
- Minerals Council of Australia
- Tamil Nadu electricity Board
- Central Electricity Authority - India
- GMR Energy Limited - India
- PNOC Exploration Corporation - Philippines
- Holcim Trading Pte Ltd - Singapore
- SMC Global Power, Philippines
- OPG Power Generation Pvt Ltd - India
- Sarangani Energy Corporation, Philippines
- Ministry of Transport, Egypt
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited
- Bahari Cakrawala Sebuku - Indonesia
- PetroVietnam Power Coal Import and Supply Company
- Therma Luzon, Inc, Philippines
- Medco Energi Mining Internasional
- Grasim Industreis Ltd - India
- GN Power Mariveles Coal Plant, Philippines
- Binh Thuan Hamico - Vietnam
- Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk - Indonesia
- Global Coal Blending Company Limited - Australia
- European Bulk Services B.V. - Netherlands
- Independent Power Producers Association of India
- Essar Steel Hazira Ltd - India
- Miang Besar Coal Terminal - Indonesia
- Energy Link Ltd, New Zealand
- Mintek Dendrill Indonesia
- Semirara Mining and Power Corporation, Philippines
- SN Aboitiz Power Inc, Philippines
- Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd
- Bhoruka Overseas - Indonesia
- Truba Alam Manunggal Engineering.Tbk - Indonesia
- Indika Energy - Indonesia
- Gujarat Sidhee Cement - India
- Wood Mackenzie - Singapore
- Intertek Mineral Services - Indonesia
- Banpu Public Company Limited - Thailand
- McConnell Dowell - Australia
- Xindia Steels Limited - India
- MS Steel International - UAE
- Aditya Birla Group - India
- Billiton Holdings Pty Ltd - Australia
- Petron Corporation, Philippines
- Offshore Bulk Terminal Pte Ltd, Singapore
- Orica Mining Services - Indonesia
- Savvy Resources Ltd - HongKong
- Rio Tinto Coal - Australia
- PTC India Limited - India
- Ministry of Mines - Canada
- The University of Queensland
- Sakthi Sugars Limited - India
- Parry Sugars Refinery, India
- Star Paper Mills Limited - India
- Georgia Ports Authority, United States
- Australian Coal Association
- India Bulls Power Limited - India
|
| |
| |
|
