We welcome article submissions from experts in the areas of coal, mining,
shipping, etc.
To Submit your article please click here.
|
|
|
Thursday, 26 May 16
GIANT ORE CARRIERS SET TO PLAY A BIGGER ROLE IN THE GLOBAL SHIPPING FLEET: CHINA EMBRACES VALEMAXES - RICHARD SCOTT
 Another phase of the giant ships era is approaching. Chinese shipowners placed orders recently for 30 huge ‘valemax’ ore carriers. These vessels, with a 400,000 deadweight tonnes capacity, are the largest carrying dry bulk commodities. When the ships are delivered in 2018 and 2019, a smooth introduction into the China iron ore imports trade is likely, contrasting with the experience of their predecessors.
The new tonnage will join an existing fleet of 34 similar valemax VLOCs (very large ore carriers) built in the past few years, operated by shipowners in several countries. Originally the class was named ‘chinamax’, reflecting the intended destination for most of the iron ore cargoes carried by these ships, supplied from Brazil. A name change to valemax was decided by Brazilian mining company Vale, which developed the concept, when discharging at Chinese ports was blocked, a severe setback. But this difficulty was eventually resolved.
A new bulk carrier class emerges
An unusually long boom in the dry bulk freight market, over several years up to mid-2008, provided motivation for the valemax concept gestation period. High and volatile freight rates for all dry commodities on international routes were experienced. These elevated rates were especially notable in the size group of vessels widely employed within the global iron ore and some other commodity trades, ‘capesize’ ships carrying about 180,000 dwt tonnes.
China had become, since 2003, the world’s largest iron ore importer and annual volumes continued growing rapidly. As a key supplier, Brazil focused on this market with substantial growth potential. Among alternative suppliers, competition with Australia is particularly intense. Australian miners have a big transportation cost advantage when exporting to Asian destinations: a much shorter distance compared with Brazil. The distance to Chinese ports from Western Australia is one-third of that from Brazil to China, resulting in much lower freight rates
Vale’s strategy to improve its competitiveness was massive capital investment in shipping capacity. A new class of many and far larger vessels, under the mining company’s full control, was designed to exploit economies of scale, with the aim of greatly lowering transportation unit costs. Exposure to the heights and variations of the global ocean freight market, and reliance on independent shipowners operating in that market, would be hugely reduced, making the delivered cost of Brazilian iron ore more attractive.
In mid-2008 the strategy profile became clearer. An order for a series of twelve new valemax 400,000 dwt ore carriers was placed at a Chinese shipbuilding yard, and further newbuilding orders followed for similar ships. Also, long-term 20-25 years transportation contracts were agreed by Vale with several independent shipowners based in other countries who, in turn, placed orders for new similar vessels to service the contracts.
An especially notable agreement was made with South Korean shipowners STX Pan Ocean. Reportedly the world’s largest contract of affreightment, valued at $5.8 billion, it covered 300 million tonnes of iron ore from Brazil to China over 25 years, requiring eight valemaxes each carrying an average 12m annually.
The current fleet
Valemax ships are the leviathans of dry bulk shipping, more than twice as big as capesize bulk carriers, typical vessels in the large capacity category. Dimensions of valemaxes are: length 360 metres, beam (width) 65 metres, draft (depth below waterline) 23 metres. The hull is divided into seven cargo holds and productivity is enhanced by ability to be loaded very rapidly. Previous the record holder was a 365,000 dwt ore carrier built thirty years ago and still trading today.
A remarkably large number of valemaxes, 35 in total, was ordered by Vale and its three shipowner partners – STX Pan Ocean, Oman Shipping and Berge Bulk – in this round. Most orders were obtained by shipyards in China, accompanied by some placed in South Korea. Deliveries began in early 2011, and the majority had been completed by the end of 2013.
The table below shows the year of delivery from builders and current owners. One vessel is still under construction, so the present total is 34. Vale originally owned 19, more than half the total. During the past twelve months, Vale sold 12 ships to Chinese operators (China VLOC, China Ore Shipping and ICBC Leasing) following earlier leasing of four ships to another Chinese owner, Shandong Shipping.
Valemaxes are not the only VLOCs operating in the Brazil iron ore export trades. A large number of other big ore carriers is regularly employed. Many of these ships were originally built as tankers to carry crude oil, and were converted to ore carriers.
Calculations based on a snapshot view of recent (early May 2016) employment revealed that, excluding the valemaxes, 69 ships of 240,000 dwt and larger were involved in Vale iron ore export trades to China and numerous other destinations. All except one were actually in a range of 247,000 to 327,000 dwt. Converted former tankers numbered 32, almost half the total number, mainly 260,000 to 300,000 dwt, built in the 1990-1995 period and converted between 2008 and 2011.
Trading patterns
Generally, the maxim applicable is that the larger the ship, the more restricted the trading pattern. This basic feature applies to most ship types. Typically there are two constraints: port and berth dimensions and cargo handling facilities (including storage) at loading and discharging ports, and the volume and regularity of cargo flows. Canal restrictions are sometimes another limitation. Valemax 400,000 dwt ore carriers are restricted to a small number of trade routes.
The original rationale for valemax size vessels focused on employment in carrying massive and growing iron ore imports into China. When the current ships were ordered, China was already the dominant iron ore importer, receiving 444 million tonnes in 2008, a 53 percent share of global seaborne iron ore trade, of which Brazil supplied 101mt (23 percent).
Today’s volumes are much higher. China’s total imports reached 953mt in 2015, a 70 percent share of world seaborne iron ore trade. Brazil supplied 192mt, a smaller 20 percent proportion of the China import market, but the actual volume was almost double that seen seven years earlier. The current valemax fleet theoretically could carry about one-quarter of the trade from Brazil to China annually, over 53mt (assuming each vessel completed four trips). Consequently, there is ample potential employment. Moreover, some vessels participate in other trades.
Since valemax ore carriers were introduced, iron ore cargoes from Ponta da Madeira, Tubarao and Guaiba in Brazil carried by these vessels have been received in a number of countries around the world as well as China. Discharge ports include Taranto (Italy), Rotterdam (Netherlands), Sohar (Oman), Oita, Kimitsu and Kashima (Japan), Gwangyang and Dangjin (South Korea), Villanueva (Philippines) and Subic Bay (Philippines). An entirely new port terminal at Teluk Rubiah (Malaysia) started receiving shipments in early 2014.
Delayed role in China’s imports
During the period of almost four years following the introduction of valemaxes in 2011, only a small number of these ships were given permission to discharge in Chinese ports and the cargoes were less than full shiploads. Eventually, in early 2015, problems which had prevented extensive valemax participation in this trade were resolved.
How did the unanticipated prolonged delay in gaining access to Chinese ports occur? Before the first valemax was delivered from the shipbuilders in May 2011, opposition from China was intensifying. Later in that year, the China Shipowners Association expressed their view that employing valemaxes in this trade was monopolistic and represented unfair competition. Concern about port safety also was expressed. In January 2012, the Chinese government announced a formal ban on these vessels using Chinese ports. The competition issue seems to have been the main influence.
Long before the official ban, amid mounting opposition from the Chinese government to the original strategy, Vale had disclosed in October 2010 a modified plan involving transshipments. This plan featured valemaxes carrying iron ore to a port where cargoes could be offloaded into smaller ships acceptable at all final destinations. The regional distribution centre at Teluk Rubiah, Malaysia was designed. A further centre in the Middle East area at Sohar, Oman was planned.
Valemax size shipments started arriving at Sohar in September 2011, with full operations beginning in the following March. Arrangements were made also for another transshipment facility, a floating terminal at Subic Bay, Philippines, where valemax size cargoes could be transferred offshore to smaller bulk carriers. This became operational in February 2012, when the world’s largest dry bulk floating storage vessel (a converted tanker) arrived, and a second floating terminal was added in the next year. The land based distribution hub at Teluk Rubiah began receiving cargoes in early 2014, fully opening later in that year.
Foreshadowing an end to the dispute as opposition from China’s shipowners gradually receded, Chinese shipowning company Shandong Shipping leased four valemaxes from Vale towards the end of 2013. This progress was followed In September 2014 by Cosco signing a provisional cooperation agreement to buy from Vale, and charter back on long term 25-year charters, four vessels of this type. Another provisional contract with China Merchants Group was also agreed.
Eventually, early in 2015, China’s objections were removed and the ban was lifted. Later, several ports were officially permitted to receive the vessels – Dalian, Qingdao, Tangshan and Ningbo-Zhoushan. The first recorded full valemax cargo of iron ore, from Brazil, was received at Dongjiakou (Qingdao) at the end of July 2015.
In the past twelve months, since the lifting of the ban, China has firmly embraced the giant ore carrier concept. Three major purchases from Vale were finalised. In May 2015 Cosco bought four valemaxes for $445 million, for operation by China Ore Shipping (a new company 51 percent owned by Cosco and 49 percent by China Shipping Group, preceding the merger of the two holding companies). Soon after, in July, China Merchants Energy Shipping bought four valemaxes for $448m and set up a new operating subsidiary, China VLOC. Finally, in December, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China’s ICBC Leasing subsidiary purchased a further four ships for $423m.
What has the valemax strategy achieved?
When Vale’s original strategy became known, it was soon clear that it was industrial bulk shipping on a vast scale, one of the biggest arrangements of its type ever seen in the dry bulk sector. Given the enormous scale of capital investment involved, it is arguable that advantages for the mining company have been modest so far, mostly reflecting a shipping market environment evolving very differently to what was envisaged at the outset.
Varying conditions ranging from subdued to depressed have prevailed, in the dry bulk freight market, during much of the past five years since valemaxes started operating. Low open market rates over a long period diminished the economic justification for mega-size ships, greatly reducing envisaged savings in iron ore transport costs. The differential between freight rates from Brazil and the main export competitor, Australia was compressed, removing more benefit. However, some advantage has been gained by avoiding brief spikes in capesize rates.
Accompanying these general market aspects related to valemax employment, an inability to access Chinese ports regularly with fully-loaded ships for several years was a huge setback. Although a workable alternative plan was quickly put in place, featuring transshipment at various locations, it involved significant extra costs. These additional expenses partly offset gains from lower unit costs of transportation resulting from economies of scale.
Nevertheless there are still, potentially, benefits to be gained in the future over the remaining lifespan of the existing ships, two decades or more. A balanced view will be possible only much later during this period. If another long dry bulk freight market boom occurred, unlikely though that may seem based on present signs, the valemax strategy could prove to have been extraordinarily sound and far-sighted.
A contrasting approach by Vale’s principal competitors in the international iron ore market has been seen. Rio Tinto and BHP Billiton have adopted different strategies. Although Rio Tinto has invested in ore carriers to some extent, these are not the mega-size ships. BHP Billiton has remained focused mainly upon using the open freight market.
Future fleet enlargement
Underlining potential future advantages are plans, recently announced, to almost double the size of the present valemax fleet. This expansion presumably has been informed by performance already experienced, and probably reflects expectations of a fairly subdued freight market evolution in many of the years ahead.
During the past few months it was confirmed that three Chinese shipowners have placed orders with shipbuilders in China for 30 valemaxes to be delivered in 2018 and 2019, as shown in the table below. Reports indicate that Vale is chartering all the ships on long 27 years contracts of affreightment.
Although these orders have added to anxiety about future global bulk carrier fleet expansion, it seems clear that a large proportion of the new capacity is effectively replacement tonnage. Many vessels Vale is currently using, VLOCs converted from tankers, probably will reach or approach their life-cycle end by 2020 or earlier. Among these, numerous ships were built in the years up to 1993, and so will be twenty five or more years old by 2018.
The new valemaxes will assist in providing iron ore transportation on the Brazil to China route at the most economical cost. Enhanced competitiveness with other iron ore suppliers, especially Australia is likely to result. Another aspect is that full possession of the vessels by China-owned shipping companies is consistent with the national strategic aim to carry a higher proportion of the country’s trade in domestically-owned ships.
Article by Richard Scott, visiting lecturer, London universities & MD, Bulk Shipping Analysis | Hellenic Shipping News
If you believe an article violates your rights or the rights of others, please contact us.
|
|
Wednesday, 20 July 16
EDIBLE OIL MARKETS ACROSS THE GLOBE REMAIN UNDER PRESSURE - STELIOS KOLLINTZAS
The edible oil markets across the globe remain under pressure on the back of lackluster demand. Some of the main factors causing the low activity a ...
Tuesday, 19 July 16
INDONESIAN THERMAL COAL INDEXES CONTINUALLY FIRM UP ON ROBUST BUYING INTEREST - CS COAL INDEX
COALspot.com: Average 5000 GAR coal index of Indonesian origin rose One percent week over week to averaging $40.38 per ton this past week, shows CS ...
Monday, 18 July 16
FROM PIT TO PORT: DRY BULK NEEDS A NEW PATH TO PROFITABILITY - TOC EUROPE
During the golden years for commodities, from 2005 to 2014, high demand and big profit margins pushed companies to produce more and more, sacrifici ...
Monday, 18 July 16
BALTIC DRY INDEX REMAIN FIRM, UP BY 5.97 WEEK OVER WEEK
COALspot.com: The Baltic Exchange, tracking rates for ships carrying dry bulk commodities continued to remain firm with all segments ending in posi ...
Friday, 15 July 16
US COAL PRODUCTION DOWN 8.4% WEEK-OVER-WEEK
COALspot.com – U.S, world’s second largest coal producers has produced approximately totalled an estimated 12.9 million short tons (mms ...
|
|
|
Showing 2356 to 2360 news of total 6871 |
|
 |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
 |
|
|
| |
|
- Star Paper Mills Limited - India
- Energy Link Ltd, New Zealand
- Bharathi Cement Corporation - India
- Riau Bara Harum - Indonesia
- Aditya Birla Group - India
- Goldman Sachs - Singapore
- Tata Chemicals Ltd - India
- Parliament of New Zealand
- Kohat Cement Company Ltd. - Pakistan
- Central Electricity Authority - India
- Aboitiz Power Corporation - Philippines
- Medco Energi Mining Internasional
- The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd
- Banpu Public Company Limited - Thailand
- Vedanta Resources Plc - India
- Coal and Oil Company - UAE
- Ministry of Mines - Canada
- Commonwealth Bank - Australia
- IEA Clean Coal Centre - UK
- Timah Investasi Mineral - Indoneisa
- Rio Tinto Coal - Australia
- Jaiprakash Power Ventures ltd
- Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Carbofer General Trading SA - India
- Minerals Council of Australia
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited
- SN Aboitiz Power Inc, Philippines
- Pipit Mutiara Jaya. PT, Indonesia
- Jindal Steel & Power Ltd - India
- Straits Asia Resources Limited - Singapore
- Sakthi Sugars Limited - India
- Krishnapatnam Port Company Ltd. - India
- Videocon Industries ltd - India
- Barasentosa Lestari - Indonesia
- Borneo Indobara - Indonesia
- Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd - Australia
- Formosa Plastics Group - Taiwan
- Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk - Indonesia
- IHS Mccloskey Coal Group - USA
- LBH Netherlands Bv - Netherlands
- Holcim Trading Pte Ltd - Singapore
- Offshore Bulk Terminal Pte Ltd, Singapore
- Bukit Makmur.PT - Indonesia
- India Bulls Power Limited - India
- Bhushan Steel Limited - India
- Anglo American - United Kingdom
- Price Waterhouse Coopers - Russia
- Latin American Coal - Colombia
- Altura Mining Limited, Indonesia
- Toyota Tsusho Corporation, Japan
- Coastal Gujarat Power Limited - India
- Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd, - India
- AsiaOL BioFuels Corp., Philippines
- Merrill Lynch Commodities Europe
- Coalindo Energy - Indonesia
- Planning Commission, India
- Mercuria Energy - Indonesia
- Georgia Ports Authority, United States
- Global Business Power Corporation, Philippines
- Mintek Dendrill Indonesia
- Semirara Mining Corp, Philippines
- Eastern Energy - Thailand
- London Commodity Brokers - England
- Standard Chartered Bank - UAE
- Independent Power Producers Association of India
- Samtan Co., Ltd - South Korea
- Alfred C Toepfer International GmbH - Germany
- Antam Resourcindo - Indonesia
- Renaissance Capital - South Africa
- Ceylon Electricity Board - Sri Lanka
- MS Steel International - UAE
- PetroVietnam Power Coal Import and Supply Company
- Agrawal Coal Company - India
- Ministry of Finance - Indonesia
- Simpson Spence & Young - Indonesia
- Billiton Holdings Pty Ltd - Australia
- Sical Logistics Limited - India
- Power Finance Corporation Ltd., India
- Orica Mining Services - Indonesia
- Iligan Light & Power Inc, Philippines
- Cement Manufacturers Association - India
- Bhatia International Limited - India
- GAC Shipping (India) Pvt Ltd
- Kepco SPC Power Corporation, Philippines
- Dalmia Cement Bharat India
- Indogreen Group - Indonesia
- Gujarat Mineral Development Corp Ltd - India
- Marubeni Corporation - India
- Indonesian Coal Mining Association
- Vizag Seaport Private Limited - India
- Pendopo Energi Batubara - Indonesia
- Kalimantan Lumbung Energi - Indonesia
- Thai Mozambique Logistica
- Miang Besar Coal Terminal - Indonesia
- Bangladesh Power Developement Board
- Gujarat Sidhee Cement - India
- Directorate Of Revenue Intelligence - India
- Sindya Power Generating Company Private Ltd
- TeaM Sual Corporation - Philippines
- Wilmar Investment Holdings
- Australian Commodity Traders Exchange
- ASAPP Information Group - India
- Sojitz Corporation - Japan
- Siam City Cement - Thailand
- Cigading International Bulk Terminal - Indonesia
- McConnell Dowell - Australia
- Salva Resources Pvt Ltd - India
- Metalloyd Limited - United Kingdom
- Binh Thuan Hamico - Vietnam
- Makarim & Taira - Indonesia
- Posco Energy - South Korea
- Romanian Commodities Exchange
- Meralco Power Generation, Philippines
- Global Green Power PLC Corporation, Philippines
- Lanco Infratech Ltd - India
- ICICI Bank Limited - India
- Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
- Oldendorff Carriers - Singapore
- GMR Energy Limited - India
- Larsen & Toubro Limited - India
- PNOC Exploration Corporation - Philippines
- Central Java Power - Indonesia
- Asia Pacific Energy Resources Ventures Inc, Philippines
- VISA Power Limited - India
- Directorate General of MIneral and Coal - Indonesia
- Xindia Steels Limited - India
- The University of Queensland
- International Coal Ventures Pvt Ltd - India
- Bayan Resources Tbk. - Indonesia
- Singapore Mercantile Exchange
- Wood Mackenzie - Singapore
- Kartika Selabumi Mining - Indonesia
- Sinarmas Energy and Mining - Indonesia
- Trasteel International SA, Italy
- South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation
- Maheswari Brothers Coal Limited - India
- Karaikal Port Pvt Ltd - India
- GVK Power & Infra Limited - India
- Dong Bac Coal Mineral Investment Coporation - Vietnam
- CIMB Investment Bank - Malaysia
- Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd
- Siam City Cement PLC, Thailand
- Malabar Cements Ltd - India
- Baramulti Group, Indonesia
- Bukit Baiduri Energy - Indonesia
- The Treasury - Australian Government
- Mercator Lines Limited - India
- Kumho Petrochemical, South Korea
- Asmin Koalindo Tuhup - Indonesia
- Africa Commodities Group - South Africa
- OPG Power Generation Pvt Ltd - India
- Globalindo Alam Lestari - Indonesia
- Bahari Cakrawala Sebuku - Indonesia
- PTC India Limited - India
- Manunggal Multi Energi - Indonesia
- Karbindo Abesyapradhi - Indoneisa
- Uttam Galva Steels Limited - India
- Tamil Nadu electricity Board
- Global Coal Blending Company Limited - Australia
- SMG Consultants - Indonesia
- Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited - India
- Edison Trading Spa - Italy
- Ambuja Cements Ltd - India
- Kideco Jaya Agung - Indonesia
- Ind-Barath Power Infra Limited - India
- Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- GN Power Mariveles Coal Plant, Philippines
- Filglen & Citicon Mining (HK) Ltd - Hong Kong
- Petrochimia International Co. Ltd.- Taiwan
- Economic Council, Georgia
- Australian Coal Association
- Orica Australia Pty. Ltd.
- Therma Luzon, Inc, Philippines
- Madhucon Powers Ltd - India
- Jorong Barutama Greston.PT - Indonesia
- Parry Sugars Refinery, India
- Port Waratah Coal Services - Australia
- Petron Corporation, Philippines
- Ministry of Transport, Egypt
- Bulk Trading Sa - Switzerland
- Kapuas Tunggal Persada - Indonesia
- Energy Development Corp, Philippines
- Truba Alam Manunggal Engineering.Tbk - Indonesia
- Kaltim Prima Coal - Indonesia
- Sree Jayajothi Cements Limited - India
- Thiess Contractors Indonesia
- Essar Steel Hazira Ltd - India
- San Jose City I Power Corp, Philippines
- European Bulk Services B.V. - Netherlands
- TNB Fuel Sdn Bhd - Malaysia
- Eastern Coal Council - USA
- Bhoruka Overseas - Indonesia
- CNBM International Corporation - China
- Interocean Group of Companies - India
- Heidelberg Cement - Germany
- Attock Cement Pakistan Limited
- SMC Global Power, Philippines
- Indian Energy Exchange, India
- Grasim Industreis Ltd - India
- Mjunction Services Limited - India
- Intertek Mineral Services - Indonesia
- Dr Ramakrishna Prasad Power Pvt Ltd - India
- Semirara Mining and Power Corporation, Philippines
- Electricity Authority, New Zealand
- PowerSource Philippines DevCo
- Chettinad Cement Corporation Ltd - India
- Indika Energy - Indonesia
- Chamber of Mines of South Africa
- Meenaskhi Energy Private Limited - India
- Sarangani Energy Corporation, Philippines
- Indo Tambangraya Megah - Indonesia
- Vijayanagar Sugar Pvt Ltd - India
- White Energy Company Limited
- Deloitte Consulting - India
- Kobexindo Tractors - Indoneisa
- New Zealand Coal & Carbon
- Savvy Resources Ltd - HongKong
|
| |
| |
|
