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Monday, 14 July 14
THE END OF THE ERA OF HEAVY FUEL OIL IN MARITIME SHIPPING - ICCT
 KNOWLEDGE TO ELEVATE
Since the 1960s, heavy fuel oil (HFO) has been the king of marine fuels. Viscous, dirty, yet inexpensive and widely available, HFO propelled a long period of robust growth in international shipping, which carries over 90% of intercontinental trade by volume each year. For many, it is the lifeblood of the maritime shipping industry.
But HFO’s low price does not reflect its impacts on the environment and human health. The sulfur content of HFO can be up to 35,000 parts per million. It is the reason that maritime shipping accounts for 8% of global emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), making the industry an important source for acid rain as well as respiratory diseases. In some populous port cities, such as Hong Kong, shipping is the largest single source of SO2 emissions as well as emissions of particulate matter (PM), which are directly tied to the sulfur content of fuel. By one estimate, PM emissions from maritime shipping led to 87,000 premature deaths worldwide in 2012.
The International Maritime Organization (IMO), the governing body of international shipping, has made a decisive effort to diversify the industry away from HFO into cleaner fuels with less harmful effects on the environment and human health. Effective in 2015, ships operated within the Emission Control Areas (ECAs) covering the Economic Exclusive Zone of North America, the Baltic Sea, the North Sea, and the English Channel will begin to use Marine Gas Oil (MGO) with allowable sulfur content up to 1,000 ppm. Starting from 2020, ships sailing outside ECAs will switch to Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) with permitted sulfur content up to 5,000 ppm.*
That tectonic shift also creates openings for a variety of new fuels. Liquefied nature gas (LNG), newly abundant and relatively affordable, is attracting the attention of many shipping companies. Although the lack of infrastructure and the uncertainty of future prices have slowed the “dash to gas,” many expect LNG to establish itself as one of major alternatives to HFO in the future. Lloyds Registry, a shipping classification society, expects LNG to take 11% of the market share in 2030.
Meanwhile, Stena Teknik, a Swedish company, is testing methanol, another natural gas product, but one that requires less storage space in a ship and is relatively easier to handle. While natural gas-based fuels may sometimes offer questionable climate benefits, due to methane leakage concerns, the IMO’s low-sulfur regulation may create needed openings for other zero-sulfur, low-carbon marine fuels. Tests using fuel cells on the Viking Lady, an offshore supply ship, demonstrated promising results.
Wind kites and solar panels have already been installed on numerous ships to supplement marine diesel engines. Even HFO will not completely disappear from the menu of marine fuels. Combined with scrubbers that capture more than 99% of the sulfur from the exhaust gas, HFO will continue to play an important role. Lloyds Registry reckons that HFO will represent about 40% of fuel use by 2030.
The shift to cleaner but pricier low-sulfur fuels is likely to heighten interest in the “fifth fuel”: energy efficiency. Historically, the maritime shipping industry, where energy often accounts for over half of operating costs, has responded to escalating fuel prices with innovative energy-saving strategies. To cite a recent example: in 2008, as fuel prices went through the roof, shipping lines cut their operating speeds by as much as 50%, helping many companies stay afloat amid one of the worst downturns in history. In an analysis of satellite data on ship operations, we’ve estimated that the industry can further slash 100 million ton of fuel use by 2030 through wider implementation of energy-saving measures that were adopted by industry leaders in 2011.
This is in addition to savings of 90 million tons of fuel because of the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), a mandatory program that will require new ships to achieve certain efficiency targets beginning in 2015.
The continued diversification of marine fuels and improvements in energy efficiency have important implications. First and foremost, they may alleviate concerns about the availability of low-sulfur fuels. Figure 1 illustrates one possible scenario, using our forecast on future marine fuel consumption and energy efficiency improvements as well as Lloyds Registry’s estimate of market shares for HFO and LNG. The efficiency improvement of the legacy fleet is the greatest force driving down the need for low-sulfur fuels, equivalent to adding about 110 “negatons” of fuel, or almost 24% of projected demand. HFO combined with scrubbers, EEDI, and distillates (MGO plus MDO) are almost neck and neck, each representing about 20% of fuel use in the chart. LNG is coming of age, with its share doubling between 2020 and 2030. Other fuels, such as renewables, fuel cells, and biofuels, are expected to hold only small market shares in 2030.
Second, the new fuels are on a collision course with IMO safety regulations concerning flashpoint, the temperature at which a fuel can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air.
The IMO currently requires marine fuels to have a minimum flashpoint of 60°C. But low-sulfur fuels have a lower flashpoint (50° to 55°C), meaning that they are “off-spec” and cannot be used under the IMO rule. The flashpoint requirement, which went into effect in 1976, was meant to provide a large margin of error to ensure the temperature of the engine room (normally below 45°C) does not exceed the flashpoint in any circumstance. But according to industry heavyweights such as Maersk and BIMCO, modern technologies such as advanced ventilation systems provide an adequate safety margin, and they argue that keeping the flashpoint requirement will cause the industry to miss the opportunity represented by the increased availability of low-sulfur, low-flashpoint fuels. Industry and member states such as the U.S. are urging the IMO to accelerate its consideration of an amendment to the flashpoint requirement.
By: Haifeng Wang / The International Council of Clean Transportation
*Implementation of the requirement is subject to a review of fuel availability to be completed by 2016.
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Wednesday, 26 March 14
LARGE AMOUNT OF VESSELS CHARTERED TO HAUL IRON ORE CARGOES TO CHINESE BUYERS THIS WEEK - COMMODORE RESEARCH & CONSULTANCY
COALspot.com: Through the first three days of this week, 18 dry bulk vessels have been chartered to haul spot iron ore cargoes to Chinese buyers ...
Wednesday, 26 March 14
JOIN IN THE CLEAN COAL CASE STUDY WITH SINOPEC!
Produced by CDMC Events, The 13th Clean Coal Forum 2014 will be held on June 12,13, 2014 in Beijing, China. We are glad to invite Experts ...
Tuesday, 25 March 14
INDONESIAN SUB-BITUMINOUS COAL SWAP FOR Q2 DELIVERY CLOSED $ 57.40 PMT W/E 21 MARCH 2014
COALspot.com – Indonesia, the world’s largest exporter of the thermal coal's swaps for delivery April - June 2014 gained this pa ...
Tuesday, 25 March 14
NEWCASTLE COAL EXPORTS JUMP 29.16% TO 2.79 MMT WEEK ON WEEK
COALspot.com: In the week ended 24 March 2014, power plant and semi-soft coking coal shipments from the port of Newcastle in Queensland, total 2.79 ...
Monday, 24 March 14
SGX'S Q2'14 CFR SOUTH CHINA COAL SWAP CLOSES SLIGHTLY HIGHER W-O-W
COALspot.com: API 8 CFR South China Coal swaps for average Q2 14 deliveries lost 1.81 percent month on month and closed at US$ 74.82 per mt as o ...
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- Parry Sugars Refinery, India
- Iligan Light & Power Inc, Philippines
- Kartika Selabumi Mining - Indonesia
- Jaiprakash Power Ventures ltd
- Mintek Dendrill Indonesia
- MS Steel International - UAE
- Madhucon Powers Ltd - India
- Latin American Coal - Colombia
- PTC India Limited - India
- Agrawal Coal Company - India
- Altura Mining Limited, Indonesia
- Gujarat Sidhee Cement - India
- Kumho Petrochemical, South Korea
- Binh Thuan Hamico - Vietnam
- Billiton Holdings Pty Ltd - Australia
- PetroVietnam Power Coal Import and Supply Company
- IHS Mccloskey Coal Group - USA
- Therma Luzon, Inc, Philippines
- GN Power Mariveles Coal Plant, Philippines
- Ceylon Electricity Board - Sri Lanka
- Coal and Oil Company - UAE
- Kohat Cement Company Ltd. - Pakistan
- Dalmia Cement Bharat India
- India Bulls Power Limited - India
- Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Sinarmas Energy and Mining - Indonesia
- ASAPP Information Group - India
- Kapuas Tunggal Persada - Indonesia
- Bulk Trading Sa - Switzerland
- Deloitte Consulting - India
- Posco Energy - South Korea
- Truba Alam Manunggal Engineering.Tbk - Indonesia
- Karbindo Abesyapradhi - Indoneisa
- Xindia Steels Limited - India
- Kalimantan Lumbung Energi - Indonesia
- Sojitz Corporation - Japan
- Kideco Jaya Agung - Indonesia
- Offshore Bulk Terminal Pte Ltd, Singapore
- Barasentosa Lestari - Indonesia
- Ministry of Transport, Egypt
- GAC Shipping (India) Pvt Ltd
- Dr Ramakrishna Prasad Power Pvt Ltd - India
- Siam City Cement PLC, Thailand
- European Bulk Services B.V. - Netherlands
- Maheswari Brothers Coal Limited - India
- Sarangani Energy Corporation, Philippines
- Alfred C Toepfer International GmbH - Germany
- TeaM Sual Corporation - Philippines
- Goldman Sachs - Singapore
- Malabar Cements Ltd - India
- Marubeni Corporation - India
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited
- Toyota Tsusho Corporation, Japan
- Ministry of Mines - Canada
- AsiaOL BioFuels Corp., Philippines
- Meralco Power Generation, Philippines
- Standard Chartered Bank - UAE
- Coalindo Energy - Indonesia
- Indogreen Group - Indonesia
- PNOC Exploration Corporation - Philippines
- Interocean Group of Companies - India
- South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation
- White Energy Company Limited
- Trasteel International SA, Italy
- Global Business Power Corporation, Philippines
- Renaissance Capital - South Africa
- Directorate General of MIneral and Coal - Indonesia
- Tamil Nadu electricity Board
- Bhushan Steel Limited - India
- Ind-Barath Power Infra Limited - India
- Dong Bac Coal Mineral Investment Coporation - Vietnam
- Minerals Council of Australia
- Bangladesh Power Developement Board
- Manunggal Multi Energi - Indonesia
- Port Waratah Coal Services - Australia
- Sical Logistics Limited - India
- Bayan Resources Tbk. - Indonesia
- Merrill Lynch Commodities Europe
- Lanco Infratech Ltd - India
- Central Java Power - Indonesia
- Bukit Baiduri Energy - Indonesia
- Electricity Authority, New Zealand
- Wood Mackenzie - Singapore
- Simpson Spence & Young - Indonesia
- Krishnapatnam Port Company Ltd. - India
- Australian Coal Association
- Aboitiz Power Corporation - Philippines
- Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd
- Energy Development Corp, Philippines
- Cement Manufacturers Association - India
- TNB Fuel Sdn Bhd - Malaysia
- Coastal Gujarat Power Limited - India
- Chettinad Cement Corporation Ltd - India
- Sakthi Sugars Limited - India
- Chamber of Mines of South Africa
- Bharathi Cement Corporation - India
- Global Coal Blending Company Limited - Australia
- Anglo American - United Kingdom
- Essar Steel Hazira Ltd - India
- Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
- Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited - India
- Uttam Galva Steels Limited - India
- Videocon Industries ltd - India
- Bahari Cakrawala Sebuku - Indonesia
- Medco Energi Mining Internasional
- Commonwealth Bank - Australia
- GMR Energy Limited - India
- Mercator Lines Limited - India
- San Jose City I Power Corp, Philippines
- Thai Mozambique Logistica
- GVK Power & Infra Limited - India
- Indo Tambangraya Megah - Indonesia
- London Commodity Brokers - England
- Georgia Ports Authority, United States
- Africa Commodities Group - South Africa
- Energy Link Ltd, New Zealand
- Banpu Public Company Limited - Thailand
- Grasim Industreis Ltd - India
- Asmin Koalindo Tuhup - Indonesia
- Ministry of Finance - Indonesia
- CNBM International Corporation - China
- Borneo Indobara - Indonesia
- Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd, - India
- Rio Tinto Coal - Australia
- Orica Mining Services - Indonesia
- Antam Resourcindo - Indonesia
- Petron Corporation, Philippines
- Samtan Co., Ltd - South Korea
- Vizag Seaport Private Limited - India
- Intertek Mineral Services - Indonesia
- Australian Commodity Traders Exchange
- Baramulti Group, Indonesia
- Globalindo Alam Lestari - Indonesia
- Bukit Makmur.PT - Indonesia
- Indian Energy Exchange, India
- Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Jindal Steel & Power Ltd - India
- SN Aboitiz Power Inc, Philippines
- Eastern Coal Council - USA
- Kobexindo Tractors - Indoneisa
- Semirara Mining and Power Corporation, Philippines
- Sree Jayajothi Cements Limited - India
- Savvy Resources Ltd - HongKong
- Riau Bara Harum - Indonesia
- Star Paper Mills Limited - India
- IEA Clean Coal Centre - UK
- Vijayanagar Sugar Pvt Ltd - India
- Salva Resources Pvt Ltd - India
- Edison Trading Spa - Italy
- CIMB Investment Bank - Malaysia
- Meenaskhi Energy Private Limited - India
- Asia Pacific Energy Resources Ventures Inc, Philippines
- Orica Australia Pty. Ltd.
- Carbofer General Trading SA - India
- LBH Netherlands Bv - Netherlands
- Economic Council, Georgia
- Straits Asia Resources Limited - Singapore
- Filglen & Citicon Mining (HK) Ltd - Hong Kong
- Eastern Energy - Thailand
- Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd - Australia
- Siam City Cement - Thailand
- Petrochimia International Co. Ltd.- Taiwan
- Global Green Power PLC Corporation, Philippines
- McConnell Dowell - Australia
- Mjunction Services Limited - India
- Vedanta Resources Plc - India
- Semirara Mining Corp, Philippines
- Miang Besar Coal Terminal - Indonesia
- Ambuja Cements Ltd - India
- Sindya Power Generating Company Private Ltd
- The Treasury - Australian Government
- Holcim Trading Pte Ltd - Singapore
- Price Waterhouse Coopers - Russia
- Pipit Mutiara Jaya. PT, Indonesia
- The University of Queensland
- Heidelberg Cement - Germany
- Central Electricity Authority - India
- Metalloyd Limited - United Kingdom
- Indonesian Coal Mining Association
- Singapore Mercantile Exchange
- Aditya Birla Group - India
- Power Finance Corporation Ltd., India
- Timah Investasi Mineral - Indoneisa
- Attock Cement Pakistan Limited
- Jorong Barutama Greston.PT - Indonesia
- Bhatia International Limited - India
- ICICI Bank Limited - India
- Indika Energy - Indonesia
- Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk - Indonesia
- SMG Consultants - Indonesia
- Wilmar Investment Holdings
- SMC Global Power, Philippines
- Romanian Commodities Exchange
- Tata Chemicals Ltd - India
- Directorate Of Revenue Intelligence - India
- Parliament of New Zealand
- PowerSource Philippines DevCo
- Kepco SPC Power Corporation, Philippines
- Planning Commission, India
- The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd
- Karaikal Port Pvt Ltd - India
- Thiess Contractors Indonesia
- Kaltim Prima Coal - Indonesia
- Gujarat Mineral Development Corp Ltd - India
- OPG Power Generation Pvt Ltd - India
- Pendopo Energi Batubara - Indonesia
- Larsen & Toubro Limited - India
- New Zealand Coal & Carbon
- Mercuria Energy - Indonesia
- Independent Power Producers Association of India
- Bhoruka Overseas - Indonesia
- Makarim & Taira - Indonesia
- International Coal Ventures Pvt Ltd - India
- Oldendorff Carriers - Singapore
- Cigading International Bulk Terminal - Indonesia
- VISA Power Limited - India
- Formosa Plastics Group - Taiwan
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