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Monday, 14 July 14
THE END OF THE ERA OF HEAVY FUEL OIL IN MARITIME SHIPPING - ICCT
 KNOWLEDGE TO ELEVATE
Since the 1960s, heavy fuel oil (HFO) has been the king of marine fuels. Viscous, dirty, yet inexpensive and widely available, HFO propelled a long period of robust growth in international shipping, which carries over 90% of intercontinental trade by volume each year. For many, it is the lifeblood of the maritime shipping industry.
But HFO’s low price does not reflect its impacts on the environment and human health. The sulfur content of HFO can be up to 35,000 parts per million. It is the reason that maritime shipping accounts for 8% of global emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), making the industry an important source for acid rain as well as respiratory diseases. In some populous port cities, such as Hong Kong, shipping is the largest single source of SO2 emissions as well as emissions of particulate matter (PM), which are directly tied to the sulfur content of fuel. By one estimate, PM emissions from maritime shipping led to 87,000 premature deaths worldwide in 2012.
The International Maritime Organization (IMO), the governing body of international shipping, has made a decisive effort to diversify the industry away from HFO into cleaner fuels with less harmful effects on the environment and human health. Effective in 2015, ships operated within the Emission Control Areas (ECAs) covering the Economic Exclusive Zone of North America, the Baltic Sea, the North Sea, and the English Channel will begin to use Marine Gas Oil (MGO) with allowable sulfur content up to 1,000 ppm. Starting from 2020, ships sailing outside ECAs will switch to Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) with permitted sulfur content up to 5,000 ppm.*
That tectonic shift also creates openings for a variety of new fuels. Liquefied nature gas (LNG), newly abundant and relatively affordable, is attracting the attention of many shipping companies. Although the lack of infrastructure and the uncertainty of future prices have slowed the “dash to gas,” many expect LNG to establish itself as one of major alternatives to HFO in the future. Lloyds Registry, a shipping classification society, expects LNG to take 11% of the market share in 2030.
Meanwhile, Stena Teknik, a Swedish company, is testing methanol, another natural gas product, but one that requires less storage space in a ship and is relatively easier to handle. While natural gas-based fuels may sometimes offer questionable climate benefits, due to methane leakage concerns, the IMO’s low-sulfur regulation may create needed openings for other zero-sulfur, low-carbon marine fuels. Tests using fuel cells on the Viking Lady, an offshore supply ship, demonstrated promising results.
Wind kites and solar panels have already been installed on numerous ships to supplement marine diesel engines. Even HFO will not completely disappear from the menu of marine fuels. Combined with scrubbers that capture more than 99% of the sulfur from the exhaust gas, HFO will continue to play an important role. Lloyds Registry reckons that HFO will represent about 40% of fuel use by 2030.
The shift to cleaner but pricier low-sulfur fuels is likely to heighten interest in the “fifth fuel”: energy efficiency. Historically, the maritime shipping industry, where energy often accounts for over half of operating costs, has responded to escalating fuel prices with innovative energy-saving strategies. To cite a recent example: in 2008, as fuel prices went through the roof, shipping lines cut their operating speeds by as much as 50%, helping many companies stay afloat amid one of the worst downturns in history. In an analysis of satellite data on ship operations, we’ve estimated that the industry can further slash 100 million ton of fuel use by 2030 through wider implementation of energy-saving measures that were adopted by industry leaders in 2011.
This is in addition to savings of 90 million tons of fuel because of the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), a mandatory program that will require new ships to achieve certain efficiency targets beginning in 2015.
The continued diversification of marine fuels and improvements in energy efficiency have important implications. First and foremost, they may alleviate concerns about the availability of low-sulfur fuels. Figure 1 illustrates one possible scenario, using our forecast on future marine fuel consumption and energy efficiency improvements as well as Lloyds Registry’s estimate of market shares for HFO and LNG. The efficiency improvement of the legacy fleet is the greatest force driving down the need for low-sulfur fuels, equivalent to adding about 110 “negatons” of fuel, or almost 24% of projected demand. HFO combined with scrubbers, EEDI, and distillates (MGO plus MDO) are almost neck and neck, each representing about 20% of fuel use in the chart. LNG is coming of age, with its share doubling between 2020 and 2030. Other fuels, such as renewables, fuel cells, and biofuels, are expected to hold only small market shares in 2030.
Second, the new fuels are on a collision course with IMO safety regulations concerning flashpoint, the temperature at which a fuel can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air.
The IMO currently requires marine fuels to have a minimum flashpoint of 60°C. But low-sulfur fuels have a lower flashpoint (50° to 55°C), meaning that they are “off-spec” and cannot be used under the IMO rule. The flashpoint requirement, which went into effect in 1976, was meant to provide a large margin of error to ensure the temperature of the engine room (normally below 45°C) does not exceed the flashpoint in any circumstance. But according to industry heavyweights such as Maersk and BIMCO, modern technologies such as advanced ventilation systems provide an adequate safety margin, and they argue that keeping the flashpoint requirement will cause the industry to miss the opportunity represented by the increased availability of low-sulfur, low-flashpoint fuels. Industry and member states such as the U.S. are urging the IMO to accelerate its consideration of an amendment to the flashpoint requirement.
By: Haifeng Wang / The International Council of Clean Transportation
*Implementation of the requirement is subject to a review of fuel availability to be completed by 2016.
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Friday, 25 April 14
2ND MYANMAR ELECTRIC POWER CONVENTION 2014 IS THE GATEWAY TO MYANMAR POWER INDUSTRY!
Press Release: 2nd Myanmar Electric Power Convention (MEPC) 2014 is scheduled on 21-23 October, 2014 at Traders Hotel in Yangon, Myanmar. MEPC o ...
Friday, 25 April 14
DRY BULK MARKET LOOKING FOR NEW TRACTION - NIKOS ROUSSANOGLOU, HELLENIC SHIPPING NEWS
The dry bulk market seems to have gained its footing after the past few dissapointing weeks, during which the Baltic Dry Index (BDI) shedded mos ...
Thursday, 24 April 14
HANDY : A FLOW OF FRESH REQUIREMENTS LIFTING THE PACIFIC SLOWLY TO US$ 10-11 K BSS SINGAPORE FOR COAL ROUNDS
Handy
There is still no place to hide in the Atlantic for the smaller but flexible sizes. Slow and weak seems to be the headlines, although th ...
Wednesday, 23 April 14
EUROPE WOULD BE HARD PRESSED TO REPLACE RUSSIAN GAS, FITCH RATINGS SAYS
A ban on Russian gas imports to the EU would cause substantial disruption to Europe's economy and industry, Fitch Ratings says. In the immed ...
Wednesday, 23 April 14
KOMIPO INVITES BIDS FOR LOW VOLATILE BITUMINOUS COAL
COALspot.com : Korea Midland Power Co., Ltd. has invited bids through International open bidding for 90,000 Metric Tons (MT) of low volatile bit ...
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- PTC India Limited - India
- Cement Manufacturers Association - India
- Orica Mining Services - Indonesia
- International Coal Ventures Pvt Ltd - India
- Aboitiz Power Corporation - Philippines
- Metalloyd Limited - United Kingdom
- Jorong Barutama Greston.PT - Indonesia
- Holcim Trading Pte Ltd - Singapore
- Indogreen Group - Indonesia
- IHS Mccloskey Coal Group - USA
- Kepco SPC Power Corporation, Philippines
- CNBM International Corporation - China
- Energy Link Ltd, New Zealand
- Bayan Resources Tbk. - Indonesia
- TNB Fuel Sdn Bhd - Malaysia
- Global Green Power PLC Corporation, Philippines
- Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd
- Xindia Steels Limited - India
- PetroVietnam Power Coal Import and Supply Company
- Bangladesh Power Developement Board
- Pendopo Energi Batubara - Indonesia
- Semirara Mining Corp, Philippines
- Chamber of Mines of South Africa
- Karaikal Port Pvt Ltd - India
- Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited - India
- Cigading International Bulk Terminal - Indonesia
- Videocon Industries ltd - India
- Goldman Sachs - Singapore
- Singapore Mercantile Exchange
- AsiaOL BioFuels Corp., Philippines
- Bharathi Cement Corporation - India
- SMC Global Power, Philippines
- GN Power Mariveles Coal Plant, Philippines
- Kobexindo Tractors - Indoneisa
- Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk - Indonesia
- Port Waratah Coal Services - Australia
- Formosa Plastics Group - Taiwan
- Straits Asia Resources Limited - Singapore
- Manunggal Multi Energi - Indonesia
- Central Electricity Authority - India
- Grasim Industreis Ltd - India
- Dr Ramakrishna Prasad Power Pvt Ltd - India
- Renaissance Capital - South Africa
- Sical Logistics Limited - India
- Bulk Trading Sa - Switzerland
- Miang Besar Coal Terminal - Indonesia
- Global Coal Blending Company Limited - Australia
- Filglen & Citicon Mining (HK) Ltd - Hong Kong
- Heidelberg Cement - Germany
- Latin American Coal - Colombia
- Sojitz Corporation - Japan
- Interocean Group of Companies - India
- Krishnapatnam Port Company Ltd. - India
- Planning Commission, India
- Trasteel International SA, Italy
- Dalmia Cement Bharat India
- Parry Sugars Refinery, India
- Coastal Gujarat Power Limited - India
- Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Uttam Galva Steels Limited - India
- Deloitte Consulting - India
- Standard Chartered Bank - UAE
- Savvy Resources Ltd - HongKong
- SMG Consultants - Indonesia
- Rio Tinto Coal - Australia
- Coal and Oil Company - UAE
- Indian Energy Exchange, India
- Africa Commodities Group - South Africa
- PNOC Exploration Corporation - Philippines
- Commonwealth Bank - Australia
- Larsen & Toubro Limited - India
- Kartika Selabumi Mining - Indonesia
- European Bulk Services B.V. - Netherlands
- VISA Power Limited - India
- Jindal Steel & Power Ltd - India
- Kapuas Tunggal Persada - Indonesia
- Ceylon Electricity Board - Sri Lanka
- Indika Energy - Indonesia
- Indo Tambangraya Megah - Indonesia
- Banpu Public Company Limited - Thailand
- Vizag Seaport Private Limited - India
- McConnell Dowell - Australia
- Riau Bara Harum - Indonesia
- Alfred C Toepfer International GmbH - Germany
- Australian Coal Association
- MS Steel International - UAE
- Gujarat Sidhee Cement - India
- London Commodity Brokers - England
- Petron Corporation, Philippines
- Anglo American - United Kingdom
- Chettinad Cement Corporation Ltd - India
- Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd - Australia
- Mercator Lines Limited - India
- Bhatia International Limited - India
- Offshore Bulk Terminal Pte Ltd, Singapore
- Tata Chemicals Ltd - India
- Sakthi Sugars Limited - India
- Siam City Cement PLC, Thailand
- Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Oldendorff Carriers - Singapore
- Parliament of New Zealand
- The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd
- Attock Cement Pakistan Limited
- Orica Australia Pty. Ltd.
- Posco Energy - South Korea
- Meralco Power Generation, Philippines
- Intertek Mineral Services - Indonesia
- Altura Mining Limited, Indonesia
- The University of Queensland
- Eastern Coal Council - USA
- Merrill Lynch Commodities Europe
- Carbofer General Trading SA - India
- Semirara Mining and Power Corporation, Philippines
- Independent Power Producers Association of India
- White Energy Company Limited
- The Treasury - Australian Government
- Malabar Cements Ltd - India
- Sarangani Energy Corporation, Philippines
- Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
- Kalimantan Lumbung Energi - Indonesia
- Global Business Power Corporation, Philippines
- Economic Council, Georgia
- Wilmar Investment Holdings
- Bukit Baiduri Energy - Indonesia
- Karbindo Abesyapradhi - Indoneisa
- San Jose City I Power Corp, Philippines
- CIMB Investment Bank - Malaysia
- OPG Power Generation Pvt Ltd - India
- Timah Investasi Mineral - Indoneisa
- Binh Thuan Hamico - Vietnam
- TeaM Sual Corporation - Philippines
- Thai Mozambique Logistica
- Thiess Contractors Indonesia
- SN Aboitiz Power Inc, Philippines
- Coalindo Energy - Indonesia
- Kaltim Prima Coal - Indonesia
- GAC Shipping (India) Pvt Ltd
- Gujarat Mineral Development Corp Ltd - India
- GMR Energy Limited - India
- Georgia Ports Authority, United States
- Ambuja Cements Ltd - India
- ICICI Bank Limited - India
- Antam Resourcindo - Indonesia
- Power Finance Corporation Ltd., India
- Directorate Of Revenue Intelligence - India
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited
- Bukit Makmur.PT - Indonesia
- Bhoruka Overseas - Indonesia
- Lanco Infratech Ltd - India
- Barasentosa Lestari - Indonesia
- Wood Mackenzie - Singapore
- PowerSource Philippines DevCo
- New Zealand Coal & Carbon
- Aditya Birla Group - India
- Samtan Co., Ltd - South Korea
- Edison Trading Spa - Italy
- Electricity Authority, New Zealand
- Ministry of Transport, Egypt
- Borneo Indobara - Indonesia
- Asia Pacific Energy Resources Ventures Inc, Philippines
- Ministry of Mines - Canada
- South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation
- Minerals Council of Australia
- Romanian Commodities Exchange
- Agrawal Coal Company - India
- Directorate General of MIneral and Coal - Indonesia
- Mercuria Energy - Indonesia
- Bahari Cakrawala Sebuku - Indonesia
- Pipit Mutiara Jaya. PT, Indonesia
- Siam City Cement - Thailand
- Mjunction Services Limited - India
- Marubeni Corporation - India
- Simpson Spence & Young - Indonesia
- Medco Energi Mining Internasional
- ASAPP Information Group - India
- Makarim & Taira - Indonesia
- Kohat Cement Company Ltd. - Pakistan
- Vedanta Resources Plc - India
- Madhucon Powers Ltd - India
- Toyota Tsusho Corporation, Japan
- Billiton Holdings Pty Ltd - Australia
- Star Paper Mills Limited - India
- Ind-Barath Power Infra Limited - India
- Eastern Energy - Thailand
- Australian Commodity Traders Exchange
- Asmin Koalindo Tuhup - Indonesia
- Maheswari Brothers Coal Limited - India
- Vijayanagar Sugar Pvt Ltd - India
- Sinarmas Energy and Mining - Indonesia
- Kumho Petrochemical, South Korea
- IEA Clean Coal Centre - UK
- Essar Steel Hazira Ltd - India
- Salva Resources Pvt Ltd - India
- Baramulti Group, Indonesia
- Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd, - India
- Meenaskhi Energy Private Limited - India
- Ministry of Finance - Indonesia
- Kideco Jaya Agung - Indonesia
- Therma Luzon, Inc, Philippines
- Energy Development Corp, Philippines
- LBH Netherlands Bv - Netherlands
- Sindya Power Generating Company Private Ltd
- Truba Alam Manunggal Engineering.Tbk - Indonesia
- Price Waterhouse Coopers - Russia
- Bhushan Steel Limited - India
- Indonesian Coal Mining Association
- Central Java Power - Indonesia
- Mintek Dendrill Indonesia
- India Bulls Power Limited - India
- Iligan Light & Power Inc, Philippines
- Sree Jayajothi Cements Limited - India
- GVK Power & Infra Limited - India
- Jaiprakash Power Ventures ltd
- Dong Bac Coal Mineral Investment Coporation - Vietnam
- Petrochimia International Co. Ltd.- Taiwan
- Globalindo Alam Lestari - Indonesia
- Tamil Nadu electricity Board
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