We welcome article submissions from experts in the areas of coal, mining,
shipping, etc.
To Submit your article please click here.
|
|
|
Monday, 14 July 14
THE END OF THE ERA OF HEAVY FUEL OIL IN MARITIME SHIPPING - ICCT
 KNOWLEDGE TO ELEVATE
Since the 1960s, heavy fuel oil (HFO) has been the king of marine fuels. Viscous, dirty, yet inexpensive and widely available, HFO propelled a long period of robust growth in international shipping, which carries over 90% of intercontinental trade by volume each year. For many, it is the lifeblood of the maritime shipping industry.
But HFO’s low price does not reflect its impacts on the environment and human health. The sulfur content of HFO can be up to 35,000 parts per million. It is the reason that maritime shipping accounts for 8% of global emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), making the industry an important source for acid rain as well as respiratory diseases. In some populous port cities, such as Hong Kong, shipping is the largest single source of SO2 emissions as well as emissions of particulate matter (PM), which are directly tied to the sulfur content of fuel. By one estimate, PM emissions from maritime shipping led to 87,000 premature deaths worldwide in 2012.
The International Maritime Organization (IMO), the governing body of international shipping, has made a decisive effort to diversify the industry away from HFO into cleaner fuels with less harmful effects on the environment and human health. Effective in 2015, ships operated within the Emission Control Areas (ECAs) covering the Economic Exclusive Zone of North America, the Baltic Sea, the North Sea, and the English Channel will begin to use Marine Gas Oil (MGO) with allowable sulfur content up to 1,000 ppm. Starting from 2020, ships sailing outside ECAs will switch to Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) with permitted sulfur content up to 5,000 ppm.*
That tectonic shift also creates openings for a variety of new fuels. Liquefied nature gas (LNG), newly abundant and relatively affordable, is attracting the attention of many shipping companies. Although the lack of infrastructure and the uncertainty of future prices have slowed the “dash to gas,” many expect LNG to establish itself as one of major alternatives to HFO in the future. Lloyds Registry, a shipping classification society, expects LNG to take 11% of the market share in 2030.
Meanwhile, Stena Teknik, a Swedish company, is testing methanol, another natural gas product, but one that requires less storage space in a ship and is relatively easier to handle. While natural gas-based fuels may sometimes offer questionable climate benefits, due to methane leakage concerns, the IMO’s low-sulfur regulation may create needed openings for other zero-sulfur, low-carbon marine fuels. Tests using fuel cells on the Viking Lady, an offshore supply ship, demonstrated promising results.
Wind kites and solar panels have already been installed on numerous ships to supplement marine diesel engines. Even HFO will not completely disappear from the menu of marine fuels. Combined with scrubbers that capture more than 99% of the sulfur from the exhaust gas, HFO will continue to play an important role. Lloyds Registry reckons that HFO will represent about 40% of fuel use by 2030.
The shift to cleaner but pricier low-sulfur fuels is likely to heighten interest in the “fifth fuel”: energy efficiency. Historically, the maritime shipping industry, where energy often accounts for over half of operating costs, has responded to escalating fuel prices with innovative energy-saving strategies. To cite a recent example: in 2008, as fuel prices went through the roof, shipping lines cut their operating speeds by as much as 50%, helping many companies stay afloat amid one of the worst downturns in history. In an analysis of satellite data on ship operations, we’ve estimated that the industry can further slash 100 million ton of fuel use by 2030 through wider implementation of energy-saving measures that were adopted by industry leaders in 2011.
This is in addition to savings of 90 million tons of fuel because of the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), a mandatory program that will require new ships to achieve certain efficiency targets beginning in 2015.
The continued diversification of marine fuels and improvements in energy efficiency have important implications. First and foremost, they may alleviate concerns about the availability of low-sulfur fuels. Figure 1 illustrates one possible scenario, using our forecast on future marine fuel consumption and energy efficiency improvements as well as Lloyds Registry’s estimate of market shares for HFO and LNG. The efficiency improvement of the legacy fleet is the greatest force driving down the need for low-sulfur fuels, equivalent to adding about 110 “negatons” of fuel, or almost 24% of projected demand. HFO combined with scrubbers, EEDI, and distillates (MGO plus MDO) are almost neck and neck, each representing about 20% of fuel use in the chart. LNG is coming of age, with its share doubling between 2020 and 2030. Other fuels, such as renewables, fuel cells, and biofuels, are expected to hold only small market shares in 2030.
Second, the new fuels are on a collision course with IMO safety regulations concerning flashpoint, the temperature at which a fuel can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air.
The IMO currently requires marine fuels to have a minimum flashpoint of 60°C. But low-sulfur fuels have a lower flashpoint (50° to 55°C), meaning that they are “off-spec” and cannot be used under the IMO rule. The flashpoint requirement, which went into effect in 1976, was meant to provide a large margin of error to ensure the temperature of the engine room (normally below 45°C) does not exceed the flashpoint in any circumstance. But according to industry heavyweights such as Maersk and BIMCO, modern technologies such as advanced ventilation systems provide an adequate safety margin, and they argue that keeping the flashpoint requirement will cause the industry to miss the opportunity represented by the increased availability of low-sulfur, low-flashpoint fuels. Industry and member states such as the U.S. are urging the IMO to accelerate its consideration of an amendment to the flashpoint requirement.
By: Haifeng Wang / The International Council of Clean Transportation
*Implementation of the requirement is subject to a review of fuel availability to be completed by 2016.
If you believe an article violates your rights or the rights of others, please contact us.
|
|
Friday, 02 May 14
DRY BULK MARKET SHOWING SIGNS OF COMEBACK - NIKOS ROUSSANOGLOU, HELLENIC SHIPPING NEWS
The dry bulk market which has been hovering below the 1,000-point market (BDI) during the past couple of weeks, could be exhibiting signs of a s ...
Thursday, 01 May 14
INDONESIA EXPORT BAN POINTS TO QUESTIONS OVER CHINA'S LONG-TERM BAUXITE SUPPLY - WOOD MACKENZIE
China’s Bauxite demand forecast to reach 240 million tonnes by 2030
In light of the Indonesian mineral ore ban that came into force o ...
Thursday, 01 May 14
DRY BULK MARKET STILL REELING UNDER PRESSURE FROM VARIOUS FACTORS - NIKOS ROUSSANOGLOU, HELLENIC SHIPPING NEWS
The dry bulk market's revival is still overdue, as the industry's benchmark, the BDI is still lagging below the 1,000-point mark. In fac ...
Wednesday, 30 April 14
FREIGHT MARKET FOR DRY BULKERS STILL REMAINS WEAK - INTERMODAL
One week after the Easter holiday and the celebration for the resurrection of Christ, everybody expected to see a similar sign of a revival in t ...
Tuesday, 29 April 14
Q4 SUB-BIT INDONESIA COAL SWAP CLOSED US$ 1.07 HIGHER COMPARED TO Q2 DELIVERY PRICE
COALspot.com: Indonesian coal swaps for average Q2’ 2014 gain on month and on week according to AsiaClear OTC coal swap's reports rele ...
|
|
|
Showing 3726 to 3730 news of total 6871 |
|
 |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
 |
|
|
| |
|
- Bukit Baiduri Energy - Indonesia
- Indo Tambangraya Megah - Indonesia
- GAC Shipping (India) Pvt Ltd
- Ceylon Electricity Board - Sri Lanka
- Semirara Mining Corp, Philippines
- Siam City Cement PLC, Thailand
- Thai Mozambique Logistica
- Power Finance Corporation Ltd., India
- MS Steel International - UAE
- Economic Council, Georgia
- Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
- McConnell Dowell - Australia
- Eastern Energy - Thailand
- Orica Mining Services - Indonesia
- Bahari Cakrawala Sebuku - Indonesia
- The University of Queensland
- Therma Luzon, Inc, Philippines
- Mintek Dendrill Indonesia
- Jorong Barutama Greston.PT - Indonesia
- Romanian Commodities Exchange
- PTC India Limited - India
- White Energy Company Limited
- Aditya Birla Group - India
- VISA Power Limited - India
- Semirara Mining and Power Corporation, Philippines
- Grasim Industreis Ltd - India
- PNOC Exploration Corporation - Philippines
- Aboitiz Power Corporation - Philippines
- Banpu Public Company Limited - Thailand
- Uttam Galva Steels Limited - India
- Binh Thuan Hamico - Vietnam
- Australian Coal Association
- Bayan Resources Tbk. - Indonesia
- Formosa Plastics Group - Taiwan
- Kalimantan Lumbung Energi - Indonesia
- Global Coal Blending Company Limited - Australia
- Georgia Ports Authority, United States
- Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd
- SMG Consultants - Indonesia
- GVK Power & Infra Limited - India
- Jindal Steel & Power Ltd - India
- Cigading International Bulk Terminal - Indonesia
- Singapore Mercantile Exchange
- Meenaskhi Energy Private Limited - India
- Kumho Petrochemical, South Korea
- Vedanta Resources Plc - India
- Globalindo Alam Lestari - Indonesia
- Petron Corporation, Philippines
- AsiaOL BioFuels Corp., Philippines
- Sree Jayajothi Cements Limited - India
- Tata Chemicals Ltd - India
- Coastal Gujarat Power Limited - India
- Kideco Jaya Agung - Indonesia
- Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited - India
- Indika Energy - Indonesia
- Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd - Australia
- GMR Energy Limited - India
- Ministry of Transport, Egypt
- Jaiprakash Power Ventures ltd
- Mercuria Energy - Indonesia
- Posco Energy - South Korea
- Kaltim Prima Coal - Indonesia
- Indian Energy Exchange, India
- Cement Manufacturers Association - India
- ASAPP Information Group - India
- Sakthi Sugars Limited - India
- Interocean Group of Companies - India
- Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Vijayanagar Sugar Pvt Ltd - India
- Marubeni Corporation - India
- Baramulti Group, Indonesia
- Energy Link Ltd, New Zealand
- Chamber of Mines of South Africa
- Simpson Spence & Young - Indonesia
- Ministry of Finance - Indonesia
- International Coal Ventures Pvt Ltd - India
- SN Aboitiz Power Inc, Philippines
- PetroVietnam Power Coal Import and Supply Company
- Carbofer General Trading SA - India
- Ind-Barath Power Infra Limited - India
- Oldendorff Carriers - Singapore
- Energy Development Corp, Philippines
- Directorate General of MIneral and Coal - Indonesia
- Australian Commodity Traders Exchange
- Port Waratah Coal Services - Australia
- Chettinad Cement Corporation Ltd - India
- Parry Sugars Refinery, India
- Kohat Cement Company Ltd. - Pakistan
- Dr Ramakrishna Prasad Power Pvt Ltd - India
- Salva Resources Pvt Ltd - India
- Independent Power Producers Association of India
- Makarim & Taira - Indonesia
- Ambuja Cements Ltd - India
- Lanco Infratech Ltd - India
- Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk - Indonesia
- Merrill Lynch Commodities Europe
- IHS Mccloskey Coal Group - USA
- Star Paper Mills Limited - India
- Eastern Coal Council - USA
- Xindia Steels Limited - India
- Planning Commission, India
- Orica Australia Pty. Ltd.
- Pipit Mutiara Jaya. PT, Indonesia
- Timah Investasi Mineral - Indoneisa
- Madhucon Powers Ltd - India
- Miang Besar Coal Terminal - Indonesia
- Meralco Power Generation, Philippines
- Wood Mackenzie - Singapore
- Bhatia International Limited - India
- CNBM International Corporation - China
- TNB Fuel Sdn Bhd - Malaysia
- Barasentosa Lestari - Indonesia
- Renaissance Capital - South Africa
- Asmin Koalindo Tuhup - Indonesia
- Maheswari Brothers Coal Limited - India
- Straits Asia Resources Limited - Singapore
- OPG Power Generation Pvt Ltd - India
- Kobexindo Tractors - Indoneisa
- Sical Logistics Limited - India
- Videocon Industries ltd - India
- Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Bhushan Steel Limited - India
- Asia Pacific Energy Resources Ventures Inc, Philippines
- Agrawal Coal Company - India
- Malabar Cements Ltd - India
- Medco Energi Mining Internasional
- Metalloyd Limited - United Kingdom
- Directorate Of Revenue Intelligence - India
- Standard Chartered Bank - UAE
- GN Power Mariveles Coal Plant, Philippines
- Mercator Lines Limited - India
- Indogreen Group - Indonesia
- Coalindo Energy - Indonesia
- Parliament of New Zealand
- Trasteel International SA, Italy
- Bhoruka Overseas - Indonesia
- Intertek Mineral Services - Indonesia
- India Bulls Power Limited - India
- Bharathi Cement Corporation - India
- Iligan Light & Power Inc, Philippines
- PowerSource Philippines DevCo
- TeaM Sual Corporation - Philippines
- Savvy Resources Ltd - HongKong
- Holcim Trading Pte Ltd - Singapore
- Price Waterhouse Coopers - Russia
- Bulk Trading Sa - Switzerland
- Central Electricity Authority - India
- Tamil Nadu electricity Board
- Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd, - India
- Offshore Bulk Terminal Pte Ltd, Singapore
- CIMB Investment Bank - Malaysia
- Sinarmas Energy and Mining - Indonesia
- LBH Netherlands Bv - Netherlands
- Mjunction Services Limited - India
- Latin American Coal - Colombia
- Billiton Holdings Pty Ltd - Australia
- Kapuas Tunggal Persada - Indonesia
- Karbindo Abesyapradhi - Indoneisa
- Global Business Power Corporation, Philippines
- Kartika Selabumi Mining - Indonesia
- ICICI Bank Limited - India
- Global Green Power PLC Corporation, Philippines
- SMC Global Power, Philippines
- The Treasury - Australian Government
- Siam City Cement - Thailand
- Coal and Oil Company - UAE
- The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd
- Africa Commodities Group - South Africa
- Electricity Authority, New Zealand
- Altura Mining Limited, Indonesia
- Anglo American - United Kingdom
- Antam Resourcindo - Indonesia
- Larsen & Toubro Limited - India
- Dong Bac Coal Mineral Investment Coporation - Vietnam
- Sindya Power Generating Company Private Ltd
- IEA Clean Coal Centre - UK
- Sojitz Corporation - Japan
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited
- Essar Steel Hazira Ltd - India
- San Jose City I Power Corp, Philippines
- South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation
- Krishnapatnam Port Company Ltd. - India
- Truba Alam Manunggal Engineering.Tbk - Indonesia
- Gujarat Mineral Development Corp Ltd - India
- Samtan Co., Ltd - South Korea
- Deloitte Consulting - India
- Gujarat Sidhee Cement - India
- Rio Tinto Coal - Australia
- Riau Bara Harum - Indonesia
- Commonwealth Bank - Australia
- European Bulk Services B.V. - Netherlands
- Sarangani Energy Corporation, Philippines
- Toyota Tsusho Corporation, Japan
- Wilmar Investment Holdings
- Central Java Power - Indonesia
- Ministry of Mines - Canada
- Pendopo Energi Batubara - Indonesia
- Goldman Sachs - Singapore
- Kepco SPC Power Corporation, Philippines
- London Commodity Brokers - England
- Manunggal Multi Energi - Indonesia
- New Zealand Coal & Carbon
- Indonesian Coal Mining Association
- Petrochimia International Co. Ltd.- Taiwan
- Thiess Contractors Indonesia
- Alfred C Toepfer International GmbH - Germany
- Borneo Indobara - Indonesia
- Filglen & Citicon Mining (HK) Ltd - Hong Kong
- Bukit Makmur.PT - Indonesia
- Minerals Council of Australia
- Heidelberg Cement - Germany
- Bangladesh Power Developement Board
- Dalmia Cement Bharat India
- Vizag Seaport Private Limited - India
- Karaikal Port Pvt Ltd - India
- Attock Cement Pakistan Limited
- Edison Trading Spa - Italy
|
| |
| |
|
