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Tuesday, 11 March 14
HOLD HARMLESS CLAUSES ARE NOT ALWAYS MUTUAL! - ITIC
 KNOWLEDGE TO ELEVATE
ITIC provides an insurance related contract review service to all of its members. As the leading professional indemnity insurer for the offshore and hydrographic sector, we are often asked to review contracts which contain a mutual hold harmless or knock for knock clause. We are usually told that the presence of this clause in a contract means the risk of a claim is either significantly reduced or even non-existent! No contract is completely risk free. However, if the clause is worded carefully, and is balanced between both contracting parties, it is good contractual risk management and can help to reduce the chance of a successful claim of negligence against you.
A mutual hold harmless indemnity regime provides that each party to the contract agrees to take responsibility for, and to indemnify the other, against injury and loss to its own personnel and property and its own ‘consequential losses’. This is intended to be effective even if the accident and related losses are caused by negligence.
The mutual hold harmless clause in the LOGIC standard form contracts, does seek to create balance. However, in many of the contracts we review, the party with the greater bargaining power will naturally seek to swing the balance back to their favour. Consequently, there are a number of pitfalls to consider. We shall provide a few of these below. This shall be viewed from an English law and a professional indemnity insurance perspective.
Insurance
First, when asked to review contracts with a mutual hold harmless clause, ITIC would suggest that your other insurers are notified. Potentially you are signing away the recovery rights of both your property and employers’ liability insurer. Therefore, you should seek authority from them before signing a contract containing a mutual hold harmless clause.
They may not be mutual
It is staggering how often we see contracts where “the consultant shall indemnify the company against any and all losses,” but there is no reciprocal benefit to the consultant. Furthermore, the clause can be more beneficial to one party, as one side may be carrying out all of the work, using only their employees and property. The clause should be read carefully to ensure there is a mutual provision.
Third party damage
The mutual hold harmless clauses seen by ITIC, although setting out the losses suffered to the property or employees of the contracting parties, will often leave the distribution of third party liabilities unclear. If, for example, you act as a hydrographic consultant on a survey vessel, you should be protected from third party claims arising from the operation of the vessel. The consultant should not be responsible for potentially multi-million dollar pollution liabilities, or collision damages to third party property. These should fall upon the party who has insurance for these liabilities, such as the vessel’s protection and indemnity or hull and machinery cover.
Gross Negligence
The hold harmless regime provides that neither party shall be liable to the other even where the loss occurred is due to the negligence of one party. However, in some cases we see the clause is amended to state this does not apply in instances of “gross” negligence. Therefore, if one of the parties is found to be grossly negligent they will not be held harmless. This might be fine if the contract was pursuant to Norwegian or US law.
Unfortunately, there is no true concept of gross negligence under English law. You should always operate under the assumption that you are negligent or you are not. Baron Rolfe, in - Wilson v Brett (1843) - stated that he “could see no difference between negligence and gross negligence; that it was the same thing, with the addition of a vituperative epithet.” In other words “gross” did not add anything to the standard negligence test. That being said, if gross negligence is included in a contract, a tribunal will attempt to interpret it. The leading decision comes from Lord Mance in - The Hellespont Ardent (1997) – in which he found that gross negligence: is “conduct so seriously negligent that the defendant should not be entitled to rely on the exemption clause.” He further added that it is “very much a matter of degree and judgment,” and, “all the circumstances must be weighed and balanced.” It should be pointed out that Lord Mance was interpreting a contract pursuant to New York law. Therefore, his words are not binding, and his interpretation on gross negligence may not be followed by subsequent tribunals.
The line between negligence and gross negligence can become blurred, and cases will turn on the facts and expert evidence. Moreover, tribunals may have differing opinions on how to apply the test against the facts, reaching differing decisions. On balance, the inclusion of gross negligence within a hold harmless clause in a contract pursuant to English law can lead to uncertainty and increased litigation costs.
Finally, it is understandable that contracting parties do not want the other to rely on a hold harmless clause, as a shield for reprehensible behaviour, beyond the ordinary test of negligence. However, as the line is blurred between that of negligence and gross negligence, a more delineated position to take, is between that of wilful default/misconduct and negligence.
Indirect damages
A further and final point we see, is how consequential or indirect losses are defined in the mutual hold harmless clause. It is usual that these losses are excluded under contract. However, the distinction between indirect and direct loss can be complicated. The famous case of Hadley v Baxendale [1854] found that direct losses were those which arise naturally from the breach of contract, and is therefore foreseeable and recoverable. Whereas, indirect losses were recoverable, but only if they were reasonably foreseeable by both parties, as a possible result of a breach, at the time of contracting.
A common misconception is that all “loss of profits” are indirect losses. This is wrong. Loss of profits can be either direct or indirect, depending on the facts of the case. The following is taken from the hold harmless clause of a contract we have reviewed recently:
“ The consultant nor the company shall be liable to the other… for any consequential indirect damage, that may be suffered by the other.”
This clause could pose problems in the event of a claim, as it only excludes “consequential indirect damages.” Following Hadley v Baxendale, dependant on the facts, loss of profit can either be a direct or indirect result of the breach. If, for example, a consultant was providing design work for sub-sea equipment and carried out the design negligently, not only could this cause damage to property, but also lost drilling time, leading to lost revenue and profit. In this example, a tribunal could find the loss of profit arose naturally from the breach, and therefore, is a direct loss not excluded under the above hold harmless clause. Taking into account the current day rates of drill rigs, this could form a substantial part of any claim.
The clause should be amended to state loss of profits are excluded, whether direct or indirect.
Conclusion
ITIC’s advice is that you carefully review your hold harmless clauses to ensure that they are actually mutual and of benefit to you.
Source: ITIC / Hellenic Shipping
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Friday, 07 March 14
US PRODUCED 19.4 MMST OF COAL IN PAST 7 DAYS, SAYS EIA
COALspot.com – United States the world’s second largest coal producer, produced approximately 19.4 million short tons (mmst) of coal in ...
Thursday, 06 March 14
PANAMAX MARKET IS STRUGGLING IN BOTH HEMISPHERES - FEARNRESEARCH
Handy
The Handy/Supra market experienced a rate increase in the Pacific. The activity itself is not too big, but spot tonnage is clearing up and ow ...
Wednesday, 05 March 14
THE BIG BULKERS HAVE IN FACT WITNESSED SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENTS IN BOTH BASINS
The BDI continues to gain back some of the lost ground, although in reality there isn't a lot to celebrate abou ...
Wednesday, 05 March 14
LEAVE IT TO CAPES TO CHANGE THE DIRECTION OF THE DRY BULK MARKET - INTERMODAL
Chartering (Wet: Stable- / Dry: Stable+)
Leave it to Capes to change the direction of the Dry Bulk market. The big bulkers managed to drag the BDI ...
Tuesday, 04 March 14
AUSTRALIA'S NPC TO SHIP 11.85 MMT OF COAL IN MARCH
COALspot.com: In the week ended 3 March 2014, power plant and semi-soft coking coal shipments from the port of Newcastle in Queensland, total 3.15 m ...
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- The Treasury - Australian Government
- Parliament of New Zealand
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- India Bulls Power Limited - India
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- Eastern Energy - Thailand
- McConnell Dowell - Australia
- Straits Asia Resources Limited - Singapore
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- Renaissance Capital - South Africa
- Madhucon Powers Ltd - India
- Kaltim Prima Coal - Indonesia
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- Miang Besar Coal Terminal - Indonesia
- Borneo Indobara - Indonesia
- Directorate General of MIneral and Coal - Indonesia
- London Commodity Brokers - England
- Africa Commodities Group - South Africa
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- Australian Commodity Traders Exchange
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- Price Waterhouse Coopers - Russia
- Bhushan Steel Limited - India
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- Indian Oil Corporation Limited
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- Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited - India
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- Ministry of Mines - Canada
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- Merrill Lynch Commodities Europe
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- New Zealand Coal & Carbon
- Ministry of Finance - Indonesia
- Tata Chemicals Ltd - India
- Aboitiz Power Corporation - Philippines
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- Posco Energy - South Korea
- GN Power Mariveles Coal Plant, Philippines
- GAC Shipping (India) Pvt Ltd
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- Sical Logistics Limited - India
- Australian Coal Association
- ASAPP Information Group - India
- Mintek Dendrill Indonesia
- Iligan Light & Power Inc, Philippines
- South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation
- Siam City Cement - Thailand
- Altura Mining Limited, Indonesia
- Metalloyd Limited - United Kingdom
- Wood Mackenzie - Singapore
- Central Electricity Authority - India
- Ceylon Electricity Board - Sri Lanka
- GVK Power & Infra Limited - India
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- OPG Power Generation Pvt Ltd - India
- Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- International Coal Ventures Pvt Ltd - India
- Cigading International Bulk Terminal - Indonesia
- Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd
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- Star Paper Mills Limited - India
- Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd, - India
- Indonesian Coal Mining Association
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- Banpu Public Company Limited - Thailand
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- Edison Trading Spa - Italy
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- Agrawal Coal Company - India
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- Dalmia Cement Bharat India
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- Energy Development Corp, Philippines
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- IHS Mccloskey Coal Group - USA
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- Coal and Oil Company - UAE
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- The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd
- Kepco SPC Power Corporation, Philippines
- Baramulti Group, Indonesia
- Kobexindo Tractors - Indoneisa
- Port Waratah Coal Services - Australia
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- Orica Mining Services - Indonesia
- Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
- Energy Link Ltd, New Zealand
- Dong Bac Coal Mineral Investment Coporation - Vietnam
- Kohat Cement Company Ltd. - Pakistan
- Interocean Group of Companies - India
- Indo Tambangraya Megah - Indonesia
- Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk - Indonesia
- Kumho Petrochemical, South Korea
- Planning Commission, India
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- Jaiprakash Power Ventures ltd
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- Xindia Steels Limited - India
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- Offshore Bulk Terminal Pte Ltd, Singapore
- Tamil Nadu electricity Board
- Mercuria Energy - Indonesia
- Siam City Cement PLC, Thailand
- Independent Power Producers Association of India
- Singapore Mercantile Exchange
- IEA Clean Coal Centre - UK
- Rio Tinto Coal - Australia
- Grasim Industreis Ltd - India
- Samtan Co., Ltd - South Korea
- Holcim Trading Pte Ltd - Singapore
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- Global Business Power Corporation, Philippines
- Jindal Steel & Power Ltd - India
- Pipit Mutiara Jaya. PT, Indonesia
- Directorate Of Revenue Intelligence - India
- Goldman Sachs - Singapore
- European Bulk Services B.V. - Netherlands
- Jorong Barutama Greston.PT - Indonesia
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- Semirara Mining and Power Corporation, Philippines
- Georgia Ports Authority, United States
- Simpson Spence & Young - Indonesia
- Therma Luzon, Inc, Philippines
- Intertek Mineral Services - Indonesia
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- Pendopo Energi Batubara - Indonesia
- Larsen & Toubro Limited - India
- Indogreen Group - Indonesia
- Standard Chartered Bank - UAE
- Global Coal Blending Company Limited - Australia
- Barasentosa Lestari - Indonesia
- PTC India Limited - India
- Sree Jayajothi Cements Limited - India
- ICICI Bank Limited - India
- White Energy Company Limited
- Ministry of Transport, Egypt
- Essar Steel Hazira Ltd - India
- Electricity Authority, New Zealand
- Thiess Contractors Indonesia
- Formosa Plastics Group - Taiwan
- Kalimantan Lumbung Energi - Indonesia
- MS Steel International - UAE
- Carbofer General Trading SA - India
- Cement Manufacturers Association - India
- Global Green Power PLC Corporation, Philippines
- Orica Australia Pty. Ltd.
- Eastern Coal Council - USA
- Petrochimia International Co. Ltd.- Taiwan
- Semirara Mining Corp, Philippines
- Vedanta Resources Plc - India
- Bangladesh Power Developement Board
- Heidelberg Cement - Germany
- Billiton Holdings Pty Ltd - Australia
- Dr Ramakrishna Prasad Power Pvt Ltd - India
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- Kideco Jaya Agung - Indonesia
- Bulk Trading Sa - Switzerland
- Chamber of Mines of South Africa
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- SN Aboitiz Power Inc, Philippines
- Salva Resources Pvt Ltd - India
- The University of Queensland
- Petron Corporation, Philippines
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- Alfred C Toepfer International GmbH - Germany
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