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Tuesday, 29 December 20
CORROSION-RESISTANT STEELS FOR CARGO OIL TANKS - DNV GL
 KNOWLEDGE TO ELEVATE
Crude oil is a complex mixture of substances at varying ratios and in most cases contains at least some salt water. Even after desalination some of this brine remains dissolved in the crude and gradually sinks to the bottom of the cargo oil tank during transport. The corrosive nature of salt, along with microorganisms and other aggressive substances contained in the cargo oil, causes rust, most notably in the form of pitting, which are cavities in the steel that deepen over time.
Double-hull tankers are more prone to pitting
“Pitting corrosion is typically found in the bottom area of cargo oil tanks,” explains Dr Eva Junghans, Senior Principal Engineer and Lead of Practice Materials & Welding and Additive Manufacturing at DNV GL. “Above the cargo surface, especially on the underside of the upper deck, corrosion tends to be more evenly spread,” the expert continues. “It is primarily caused by aggressive chemicals contained in the inert gas, which is flue gas from auxiliary engines pumped into the cargo tanks to prevent an explosion of fumes rising up from the cargo.”
While in the single-hull tankers of the past the cooling effect of the seawater slowed down bacterial growth by keeping the cargo relatively cool, the double hull of compliant modern tankers insulates the cargo from the low temperature of the seawater. As a result, the cargo stays relatively warm, providing ideal conditions for corrosion-causing microorganisms to thrive. Pitting therefore progresses rapidly on an unprotected tank bottom, weakening the metal and risking cargo loss, structural damage and environmental pollution.
“The traditional way to prevent pitting and general corrosion has been to apply specially formulated coatings to the affected surfaces,” says Dr Junghans. “This is an expensive, time-consuming process that needs to be supervised to ensure proper execution. What is more, protective coatings typically have to be renewed from time to time.”
Corrosion-resistant steel – a proven alternative approach
These well-known facts prompted three Japanese steel manufacturers – JFE Steel Corporation, Nippon Steel Corporation and Kobe Steel, Ltd. – to submit a proposal to IMO to accept the use of corrosion-resistant steels as an alternative method of preventing corrosion in crude oil tanks. Following thorough discussion, IMO issued its new ‘Performance Standard for Alternative Means of Corrosion Protection for Cargo Oil Tanks of Crude Oil Tankers’ as an extension of the Performance Standards for Protective Coatings (PSPC) in 2010.
Research performed over a ten-year period by JFE Steel Corporation in a crude oil tanker delivered in 2008 confirmed that the corrosion-resistant steel dramatically reduced both pitting corrosion and general surface corrosion compared to uncoated conventional steel. Various other vessels featuring cargo tanks fitted with these advanced steels have been in operation since the new IMO PSPC standard came into effect and have demonstrated vastly improved corrosion resistance. The technology can thus be considered as validated.
New notation COAT-PSPC(CA) confirms compliance
DNV GL has since revised its relevant ship construction rules to incorporate corrosion-resistant steels for cargo tanks, and recently added the new classifier “CA” (for “corrosion protection by alternate means”) to its existing corrosion protection class notation. Announced in July 2020, the new notation COAT-PSPC(CA) confirms a ship’s compliance with the corrosion protection requirements for cargo oil tanks of crude oil tankers, by application of approved corrosion-resistant steel grades in one of the following areas of a cargo tank:
a) Lower surface of the strength deck and surrounding structures (RCU)
b) Upper surface of the inner bottom plating and surrounding structures (RCB)
c) Both the strength deck and the inner bottom plating (RCW)
Besides using the approved steel grades, the notation also implies the use of appropriate, approved welding consumables to join the plates. Compliance with both requirements must be substantiated by submitting specific documentation. The class notation will enter into force six months after publication of the rules, i.e. in January 2021.
Eliminating the cost of coating
Opting for corrosion-resistant steels in the corrosion-prone areas of crude oil tanks offers various benefits to owners and charterers as well as shipyards. One example is to eliminate the cost of coating and shortening the time it takes to complete a newbuild in the yard. Furthermore, no coatings need to be reapplied to the relevant tank wall areas over the lifetime of the vessel since the IMO performance standard assumes a useful life of 25 years of the cargo oil tank (COT) steel until its thickness is reduced beyond acceptable levels. Owners who choose this class notation can demonstrate to cargo owners that their crude oil tankers have a lower risk of tank bottom or wall failure, cargo loss and environmental pollution, thereby enhancing confidence in their ships.
Approved steel grades enhance customer confidence
DNV GL has approved all corrosion-resistant steel grades developed by the three Japanese steelmakers according to the IMO standard and the corresponding DNV GL standard, DNVGL-CP-0429. The Tokyo head office of JFE Steel Corporation commented: “Receiving approval from DNV GL, a world-leading classification society, for our corrosion-resistant steels is a milestone for us. Corrosion-resistant steels have not been so popular among oil majors and Euro-American operators of crude oil tankers, although these steels have already been well adopted for use in cargo oil tanks of crude oil tankers operated by Japanese operators for Japanese oil companies. However, DNV GL’s approval for our corrosion-resistant steels raises awareness among oil majors and Euro-American operators as an alternative means to meet the IMO standard.” Several Chinese steelmakers have since requested approval from DNV GL for their COT steels.
Source: DNV GL
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Thursday, 17 December 20
BUMA SIGNED US$1.0 BILLION WORTH OF EXTENSION CONTRACT WITH BERAU COAL
PT Bukit Makmur Mandiri Utama, subsidiary of PT Delta Dunia Makmur Tbk., has extended its mining services contracts with PT Berau Coal, in relation ...
Wednesday, 16 December 20
INDONESIA 2020 COAL CONSUMPTION ESTIMATED AT 140-145 MLN TONNES - OFFICIAL, REUTERS REPORTED
Indonesia’s domestic coal consumption is estimated at 140-145 million tonnes this year, Dodik Ariyanto, an official at the energy ministry, t ...
Wednesday, 16 December 20
RUSSIA REVISES DOWN EXPORT EXPECTATION - FITCH
The Ministry of Economy of Russia, the world’s third largest thermal coal exporting country, released its annual forecasts ...
Wednesday, 16 December 20
INDIAN COAL IMPORTS TO REMAIN SUBDUED - FITCH RATINGS
Fitch Rating commented on Indian Coal Imports, Fitch said, coal imports by Indian utilities fell by about 24% yoy to 44 million tonnes (mt) i ...
Wednesday, 16 December 20
CHINA TO BOOST DOMESTIC SUPPLY - FITCH
China’s benchmark Qinhuangdao 5,500kcal/kg coal price rose above the government’s upper yellow interval of CNY600/tonne in early Octobe ...
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- Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd - Australia
- Wood Mackenzie - Singapore
- Gujarat Mineral Development Corp Ltd - India
- Metalloyd Limited - United Kingdom
- AsiaOL BioFuels Corp., Philippines
- Tata Chemicals Ltd - India
- Sinarmas Energy and Mining - Indonesia
- Sarangani Energy Corporation, Philippines
- Indo Tambangraya Megah - Indonesia
- Indonesian Coal Mining Association
- Jindal Steel & Power Ltd - India
- GVK Power & Infra Limited - India
- Miang Besar Coal Terminal - Indonesia
- Grasim Industreis Ltd - India
- Formosa Plastics Group - Taiwan
- SMG Consultants - Indonesia
- London Commodity Brokers - England
- Savvy Resources Ltd - HongKong
- Salva Resources Pvt Ltd - India
- Coalindo Energy - Indonesia
- Malabar Cements Ltd - India
- Semirara Mining and Power Corporation, Philippines
- Asmin Koalindo Tuhup - Indonesia
- Vedanta Resources Plc - India
- Semirara Mining Corp, Philippines
- Chamber of Mines of South Africa
- Edison Trading Spa - Italy
- Samtan Co., Ltd - South Korea
- GMR Energy Limited - India
- GAC Shipping (India) Pvt Ltd
- Sojitz Corporation - Japan
- Ministry of Mines - Canada
- Parry Sugars Refinery, India
- Ind-Barath Power Infra Limited - India
- Marubeni Corporation - India
- Anglo American - United Kingdom
- Mercator Lines Limited - India
- Bukit Baiduri Energy - Indonesia
- Jaiprakash Power Ventures ltd
- Xindia Steels Limited - India
- Economic Council, Georgia
- Kalimantan Lumbung Energi - Indonesia
- Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited - India
- Dr Ramakrishna Prasad Power Pvt Ltd - India
- Meralco Power Generation, Philippines
- Singapore Mercantile Exchange
- Ministry of Finance - Indonesia
- Baramulti Group, Indonesia
- Timah Investasi Mineral - Indoneisa
- Eastern Energy - Thailand
- Pendopo Energi Batubara - Indonesia
- Billiton Holdings Pty Ltd - Australia
- Petrochimia International Co. Ltd.- Taiwan
- SN Aboitiz Power Inc, Philippines
- Global Business Power Corporation, Philippines
- Independent Power Producers Association of India
- Wilmar Investment Holdings
- Latin American Coal - Colombia
- Barasentosa Lestari - Indonesia
- IEA Clean Coal Centre - UK
- Meenaskhi Energy Private Limited - India
- IHS Mccloskey Coal Group - USA
- Minerals Council of Australia
- Orica Mining Services - Indonesia
- MS Steel International - UAE
- Central Electricity Authority - India
- Global Coal Blending Company Limited - Australia
- Posco Energy - South Korea
- Uttam Galva Steels Limited - India
- Pipit Mutiara Jaya. PT, Indonesia
- Attock Cement Pakistan Limited
- Eastern Coal Council - USA
- The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd
- Iligan Light & Power Inc, Philippines
- Oldendorff Carriers - Singapore
- Intertek Mineral Services - Indonesia
- Australian Commodity Traders Exchange
- Siam City Cement - Thailand
- European Bulk Services B.V. - Netherlands
- Central Java Power - Indonesia
- Petron Corporation, Philippines
- Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd, - India
- Standard Chartered Bank - UAE
- Port Waratah Coal Services - Australia
- Interocean Group of Companies - India
- Bhoruka Overseas - Indonesia
- TeaM Sual Corporation - Philippines
- Bangladesh Power Developement Board
- New Zealand Coal & Carbon
- Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk - Indonesia
- CNBM International Corporation - China
- Planning Commission, India
- Offshore Bulk Terminal Pte Ltd, Singapore
- Lanco Infratech Ltd - India
- Power Finance Corporation Ltd., India
- PetroVietnam Power Coal Import and Supply Company
- Bharathi Cement Corporation - India
- Goldman Sachs - Singapore
- Krishnapatnam Port Company Ltd. - India
- Kapuas Tunggal Persada - Indonesia
- Thiess Contractors Indonesia
- Trasteel International SA, Italy
- Borneo Indobara - Indonesia
- Kideco Jaya Agung - Indonesia
- Aboitiz Power Corporation - Philippines
- Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Indika Energy - Indonesia
- Coal and Oil Company - UAE
- Sree Jayajothi Cements Limited - India
- Cigading International Bulk Terminal - Indonesia
- Electricity Authority, New Zealand
- South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation
- Truba Alam Manunggal Engineering.Tbk - Indonesia
- VISA Power Limited - India
- Aditya Birla Group - India
- Indian Energy Exchange, India
- White Energy Company Limited
- Parliament of New Zealand
- Bayan Resources Tbk. - Indonesia
- Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
- CIMB Investment Bank - Malaysia
- Mintek Dendrill Indonesia
- Romanian Commodities Exchange
- Holcim Trading Pte Ltd - Singapore
- PowerSource Philippines DevCo
- The Treasury - Australian Government
- Coastal Gujarat Power Limited - India
- Videocon Industries ltd - India
- Agrawal Coal Company - India
- Sakthi Sugars Limited - India
- Sical Logistics Limited - India
- Maheswari Brothers Coal Limited - India
- Kepco SPC Power Corporation, Philippines
- Global Green Power PLC Corporation, Philippines
- Star Paper Mills Limited - India
- Merrill Lynch Commodities Europe
- Dong Bac Coal Mineral Investment Coporation - Vietnam
- OPG Power Generation Pvt Ltd - India
- Riau Bara Harum - Indonesia
- Bukit Makmur.PT - Indonesia
- Africa Commodities Group - South Africa
- Directorate General of MIneral and Coal - Indonesia
- Mercuria Energy - Indonesia
- Asia Pacific Energy Resources Ventures Inc, Philippines
- Jorong Barutama Greston.PT - Indonesia
- Altura Mining Limited, Indonesia
- The University of Queensland
- Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Dalmia Cement Bharat India
- PTC India Limited - India
- Larsen & Toubro Limited - India
- Manunggal Multi Energi - Indonesia
- Karbindo Abesyapradhi - Indoneisa
- PNOC Exploration Corporation - Philippines
- Kumho Petrochemical, South Korea
- Bulk Trading Sa - Switzerland
- Mjunction Services Limited - India
- Renaissance Capital - South Africa
- Commonwealth Bank - Australia
- Energy Development Corp, Philippines
- Heidelberg Cement - Germany
- Straits Asia Resources Limited - Singapore
- Bhatia International Limited - India
- Alfred C Toepfer International GmbH - Germany
- Medco Energi Mining Internasional
- Globalindo Alam Lestari - Indonesia
- Tamil Nadu electricity Board
- Therma Luzon, Inc, Philippines
- Simpson Spence & Young - Indonesia
- TNB Fuel Sdn Bhd - Malaysia
- Kobexindo Tractors - Indoneisa
- Makarim & Taira - Indonesia
- Ceylon Electricity Board - Sri Lanka
- Cement Manufacturers Association - India
- Ministry of Transport, Egypt
- Georgia Ports Authority, United States
- Vizag Seaport Private Limited - India
- Rio Tinto Coal - Australia
- San Jose City I Power Corp, Philippines
- Bhushan Steel Limited - India
- Deloitte Consulting - India
- Energy Link Ltd, New Zealand
- Karaikal Port Pvt Ltd - India
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited
- Kaltim Prima Coal - Indonesia
- Bahari Cakrawala Sebuku - Indonesia
- Sindya Power Generating Company Private Ltd
- McConnell Dowell - Australia
- Filglen & Citicon Mining (HK) Ltd - Hong Kong
- Carbofer General Trading SA - India
- ASAPP Information Group - India
- Vijayanagar Sugar Pvt Ltd - India
- Siam City Cement PLC, Thailand
- Thai Mozambique Logistica
- GN Power Mariveles Coal Plant, Philippines
- Orica Australia Pty. Ltd.
- India Bulls Power Limited - India
- SMC Global Power, Philippines
- Binh Thuan Hamico - Vietnam
- International Coal Ventures Pvt Ltd - India
- Gujarat Sidhee Cement - India
- Kohat Cement Company Ltd. - Pakistan
- Banpu Public Company Limited - Thailand
- Toyota Tsusho Corporation, Japan
- Chettinad Cement Corporation Ltd - India
- ICICI Bank Limited - India
- Australian Coal Association
- Kartika Selabumi Mining - Indonesia
- Ambuja Cements Ltd - India
- Price Waterhouse Coopers - Russia
- Madhucon Powers Ltd - India
- Antam Resourcindo - Indonesia
- Directorate Of Revenue Intelligence - India
- Essar Steel Hazira Ltd - India
- LBH Netherlands Bv - Netherlands
- Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd
- Indogreen Group - Indonesia
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