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Tuesday, 29 December 20
CORROSION-RESISTANT STEELS FOR CARGO OIL TANKS - DNV GL
 KNOWLEDGE TO ELEVATE
Crude oil is a complex mixture of substances at varying ratios and in most cases contains at least some salt water. Even after desalination some of this brine remains dissolved in the crude and gradually sinks to the bottom of the cargo oil tank during transport. The corrosive nature of salt, along with microorganisms and other aggressive substances contained in the cargo oil, causes rust, most notably in the form of pitting, which are cavities in the steel that deepen over time.
Double-hull tankers are more prone to pitting
“Pitting corrosion is typically found in the bottom area of cargo oil tanks,” explains Dr Eva Junghans, Senior Principal Engineer and Lead of Practice Materials & Welding and Additive Manufacturing at DNV GL. “Above the cargo surface, especially on the underside of the upper deck, corrosion tends to be more evenly spread,” the expert continues. “It is primarily caused by aggressive chemicals contained in the inert gas, which is flue gas from auxiliary engines pumped into the cargo tanks to prevent an explosion of fumes rising up from the cargo.”
While in the single-hull tankers of the past the cooling effect of the seawater slowed down bacterial growth by keeping the cargo relatively cool, the double hull of compliant modern tankers insulates the cargo from the low temperature of the seawater. As a result, the cargo stays relatively warm, providing ideal conditions for corrosion-causing microorganisms to thrive. Pitting therefore progresses rapidly on an unprotected tank bottom, weakening the metal and risking cargo loss, structural damage and environmental pollution.
“The traditional way to prevent pitting and general corrosion has been to apply specially formulated coatings to the affected surfaces,” says Dr Junghans. “This is an expensive, time-consuming process that needs to be supervised to ensure proper execution. What is more, protective coatings typically have to be renewed from time to time.”
Corrosion-resistant steel – a proven alternative approach
These well-known facts prompted three Japanese steel manufacturers – JFE Steel Corporation, Nippon Steel Corporation and Kobe Steel, Ltd. – to submit a proposal to IMO to accept the use of corrosion-resistant steels as an alternative method of preventing corrosion in crude oil tanks. Following thorough discussion, IMO issued its new ‘Performance Standard for Alternative Means of Corrosion Protection for Cargo Oil Tanks of Crude Oil Tankers’ as an extension of the Performance Standards for Protective Coatings (PSPC) in 2010.
Research performed over a ten-year period by JFE Steel Corporation in a crude oil tanker delivered in 2008 confirmed that the corrosion-resistant steel dramatically reduced both pitting corrosion and general surface corrosion compared to uncoated conventional steel. Various other vessels featuring cargo tanks fitted with these advanced steels have been in operation since the new IMO PSPC standard came into effect and have demonstrated vastly improved corrosion resistance. The technology can thus be considered as validated.
New notation COAT-PSPC(CA) confirms compliance
DNV GL has since revised its relevant ship construction rules to incorporate corrosion-resistant steels for cargo tanks, and recently added the new classifier “CA” (for “corrosion protection by alternate means”) to its existing corrosion protection class notation. Announced in July 2020, the new notation COAT-PSPC(CA) confirms a ship’s compliance with the corrosion protection requirements for cargo oil tanks of crude oil tankers, by application of approved corrosion-resistant steel grades in one of the following areas of a cargo tank:
a) Lower surface of the strength deck and surrounding structures (RCU)
b) Upper surface of the inner bottom plating and surrounding structures (RCB)
c) Both the strength deck and the inner bottom plating (RCW)
Besides using the approved steel grades, the notation also implies the use of appropriate, approved welding consumables to join the plates. Compliance with both requirements must be substantiated by submitting specific documentation. The class notation will enter into force six months after publication of the rules, i.e. in January 2021.
Eliminating the cost of coating
Opting for corrosion-resistant steels in the corrosion-prone areas of crude oil tanks offers various benefits to owners and charterers as well as shipyards. One example is to eliminate the cost of coating and shortening the time it takes to complete a newbuild in the yard. Furthermore, no coatings need to be reapplied to the relevant tank wall areas over the lifetime of the vessel since the IMO performance standard assumes a useful life of 25 years of the cargo oil tank (COT) steel until its thickness is reduced beyond acceptable levels. Owners who choose this class notation can demonstrate to cargo owners that their crude oil tankers have a lower risk of tank bottom or wall failure, cargo loss and environmental pollution, thereby enhancing confidence in their ships.
Approved steel grades enhance customer confidence
DNV GL has approved all corrosion-resistant steel grades developed by the three Japanese steelmakers according to the IMO standard and the corresponding DNV GL standard, DNVGL-CP-0429. The Tokyo head office of JFE Steel Corporation commented: “Receiving approval from DNV GL, a world-leading classification society, for our corrosion-resistant steels is a milestone for us. Corrosion-resistant steels have not been so popular among oil majors and Euro-American operators of crude oil tankers, although these steels have already been well adopted for use in cargo oil tanks of crude oil tankers operated by Japanese operators for Japanese oil companies. However, DNV GL’s approval for our corrosion-resistant steels raises awareness among oil majors and Euro-American operators as an alternative means to meet the IMO standard.” Several Chinese steelmakers have since requested approval from DNV GL for their COT steels.
Source: DNV GL
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Wednesday, 07 April 21
KOMIPO ISSUED A TENDER FOR TOTAL 1,560,000 METRIC TONS OF BITUMINOUS COAL
COALspot.com: South Korea state-owned utility Korea Midland Power (KOMIPO) issued a tender for total 1,560,000 Metric Tons of Bituminous coal for i ...
Wednesday, 07 April 21
MARKET INSIGHT - INTERMODAL
Following the end of the catholic easter, during which the majority of shipping market participants were on holidays, it is interesting to note a f ...
Wednesday, 07 April 21
COAL USED TO GENERATE ELECTRIC POWER IN U.S. WILL INCREASE BY 13 PERCENT TO 495 MMST IN 2021 - EIA
EIA expects U.S. coal production to total 585 MMst in 2021, 46 MMst (9%) more than in 2020. In 2022, EIA expects coal production to grow by an addi ...
Wednesday, 31 March 21
CHINA TAIYUAN COAL TRANSACTION PRICE INDEX UP 0.12 PCT - XINHUA
China Taiyuan coal transaction price index stood at 139.03 points Monday, up 0.12 percent week on week.
The index, released by China ...
Wednesday, 31 March 21
MARKET INSIGHT - INTERMODAL
Over the past week, the biggest story has been the blockage of the Suez Canal, as a result of the grounding of the container ship Ever Given. At th ...
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- Asia Pacific Energy Resources Ventures Inc, Philippines
- Baramulti Group, Indonesia
- Maheswari Brothers Coal Limited - India
- Filglen & Citicon Mining (HK) Ltd - Hong Kong
- Standard Chartered Bank - UAE
- Indo Tambangraya Megah - Indonesia
- Electricity Authority, New Zealand
- Parry Sugars Refinery, India
- Billiton Holdings Pty Ltd - Australia
- Pendopo Energi Batubara - Indonesia
- Semirara Mining Corp, Philippines
- Sinarmas Energy and Mining - Indonesia
- Timah Investasi Mineral - Indoneisa
- PetroVietnam Power Coal Import and Supply Company
- Karaikal Port Pvt Ltd - India
- Central Electricity Authority - India
- Formosa Plastics Group - Taiwan
- Samtan Co., Ltd - South Korea
- Indian Energy Exchange, India
- Binh Thuan Hamico - Vietnam
- Coal and Oil Company - UAE
- Miang Besar Coal Terminal - Indonesia
- Central Java Power - Indonesia
- Port Waratah Coal Services - Australia
- Banpu Public Company Limited - Thailand
- Sojitz Corporation - Japan
- South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation
- Xindia Steels Limited - India
- Romanian Commodities Exchange
- Global Business Power Corporation, Philippines
- Kaltim Prima Coal - Indonesia
- Wood Mackenzie - Singapore
- AsiaOL BioFuels Corp., Philippines
- Gujarat Sidhee Cement - India
- Larsen & Toubro Limited - India
- Bharathi Cement Corporation - India
- VISA Power Limited - India
- SMG Consultants - Indonesia
- CNBM International Corporation - China
- Makarim & Taira - Indonesia
- The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd
- Barasentosa Lestari - Indonesia
- Eastern Energy - Thailand
- PNOC Exploration Corporation - Philippines
- Kobexindo Tractors - Indoneisa
- Mjunction Services Limited - India
- LBH Netherlands Bv - Netherlands
- San Jose City I Power Corp, Philippines
- Bukit Baiduri Energy - Indonesia
- International Coal Ventures Pvt Ltd - India
- Sarangani Energy Corporation, Philippines
- Rio Tinto Coal - Australia
- OPG Power Generation Pvt Ltd - India
- Metalloyd Limited - United Kingdom
- Parliament of New Zealand
- Petron Corporation, Philippines
- Kohat Cement Company Ltd. - Pakistan
- New Zealand Coal & Carbon
- Sical Logistics Limited - India
- Coalindo Energy - Indonesia
- White Energy Company Limited
- Carbofer General Trading SA - India
- Ministry of Mines - Canada
- Bhushan Steel Limited - India
- Global Coal Blending Company Limited - Australia
- Orica Australia Pty. Ltd.
- Therma Luzon, Inc, Philippines
- Ind-Barath Power Infra Limited - India
- Mintek Dendrill Indonesia
- European Bulk Services B.V. - Netherlands
- Goldman Sachs - Singapore
- Siam City Cement PLC, Thailand
- SN Aboitiz Power Inc, Philippines
- Truba Alam Manunggal Engineering.Tbk - Indonesia
- ICICI Bank Limited - India
- GAC Shipping (India) Pvt Ltd
- TeaM Sual Corporation - Philippines
- Savvy Resources Ltd - HongKong
- The Treasury - Australian Government
- GVK Power & Infra Limited - India
- Kalimantan Lumbung Energi - Indonesia
- Coastal Gujarat Power Limited - India
- MS Steel International - UAE
- Meenaskhi Energy Private Limited - India
- Africa Commodities Group - South Africa
- Bulk Trading Sa - Switzerland
- The University of Queensland
- Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd, - India
- Bhoruka Overseas - Indonesia
- Agrawal Coal Company - India
- GMR Energy Limited - India
- Videocon Industries ltd - India
- Bahari Cakrawala Sebuku - Indonesia
- Riau Bara Harum - Indonesia
- Krishnapatnam Port Company Ltd. - India
- Marubeni Corporation - India
- Borneo Indobara - Indonesia
- Sakthi Sugars Limited - India
- Bukit Makmur.PT - Indonesia
- TNB Fuel Sdn Bhd - Malaysia
- GN Power Mariveles Coal Plant, Philippines
- Kapuas Tunggal Persada - Indonesia
- Edison Trading Spa - Italy
- Kideco Jaya Agung - Indonesia
- Salva Resources Pvt Ltd - India
- Indogreen Group - Indonesia
- CIMB Investment Bank - Malaysia
- Singapore Mercantile Exchange
- Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Aditya Birla Group - India
- Heidelberg Cement - Germany
- Planning Commission, India
- Essar Steel Hazira Ltd - India
- Georgia Ports Authority, United States
- Sree Jayajothi Cements Limited - India
- Tamil Nadu electricity Board
- Gujarat Mineral Development Corp Ltd - India
- Bhatia International Limited - India
- Vizag Seaport Private Limited - India
- Meralco Power Generation, Philippines
- London Commodity Brokers - England
- Dong Bac Coal Mineral Investment Coporation - Vietnam
- Madhucon Powers Ltd - India
- Wilmar Investment Holdings
- Simpson Spence & Young - Indonesia
- Kepco SPC Power Corporation, Philippines
- Chettinad Cement Corporation Ltd - India
- Ceylon Electricity Board - Sri Lanka
- Thai Mozambique Logistica
- Chamber of Mines of South Africa
- Mercator Lines Limited - India
- Straits Asia Resources Limited - Singapore
- Independent Power Producers Association of India
- Vijayanagar Sugar Pvt Ltd - India
- Deloitte Consulting - India
- Anglo American - United Kingdom
- Vedanta Resources Plc - India
- Oldendorff Carriers - Singapore
- Posco Energy - South Korea
- Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd - Australia
- Energy Development Corp, Philippines
- Australian Commodity Traders Exchange
- Ministry of Finance - Indonesia
- Cement Manufacturers Association - India
- Interocean Group of Companies - India
- IEA Clean Coal Centre - UK
- Globalindo Alam Lestari - Indonesia
- Ministry of Transport, Egypt
- Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited - India
- SMC Global Power, Philippines
- Star Paper Mills Limited - India
- Toyota Tsusho Corporation, Japan
- Medco Energi Mining Internasional
- Bayan Resources Tbk. - Indonesia
- Bangladesh Power Developement Board
- Indika Energy - Indonesia
- Commonwealth Bank - Australia
- Economic Council, Georgia
- ASAPP Information Group - India
- Asmin Koalindo Tuhup - Indonesia
- Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd
- Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
- Tata Chemicals Ltd - India
- PowerSource Philippines DevCo
- Merrill Lynch Commodities Europe
- Antam Resourcindo - Indonesia
- McConnell Dowell - Australia
- Australian Coal Association
- Offshore Bulk Terminal Pte Ltd, Singapore
- Manunggal Multi Energi - Indonesia
- Semirara Mining and Power Corporation, Philippines
- Directorate Of Revenue Intelligence - India
- Dalmia Cement Bharat India
- Global Green Power PLC Corporation, Philippines
- Karbindo Abesyapradhi - Indoneisa
- Kumho Petrochemical, South Korea
- Sindya Power Generating Company Private Ltd
- Latin American Coal - Colombia
- Price Waterhouse Coopers - Russia
- Lanco Infratech Ltd - India
- Eastern Coal Council - USA
- Intertek Mineral Services - Indonesia
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited
- Ambuja Cements Ltd - India
- Cigading International Bulk Terminal - Indonesia
- Altura Mining Limited, Indonesia
- Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- IHS Mccloskey Coal Group - USA
- India Bulls Power Limited - India
- Jaiprakash Power Ventures ltd
- Jindal Steel & Power Ltd - India
- Siam City Cement - Thailand
- Energy Link Ltd, New Zealand
- Grasim Industreis Ltd - India
- Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk - Indonesia
- Iligan Light & Power Inc, Philippines
- Thiess Contractors Indonesia
- Minerals Council of Australia
- Uttam Galva Steels Limited - India
- Indonesian Coal Mining Association
- Mercuria Energy - Indonesia
- Kartika Selabumi Mining - Indonesia
- Trasteel International SA, Italy
- PTC India Limited - India
- Dr Ramakrishna Prasad Power Pvt Ltd - India
- Malabar Cements Ltd - India
- Petrochimia International Co. Ltd.- Taiwan
- Pipit Mutiara Jaya. PT, Indonesia
- Directorate General of MIneral and Coal - Indonesia
- Orica Mining Services - Indonesia
- Holcim Trading Pte Ltd - Singapore
- Renaissance Capital - South Africa
- Power Finance Corporation Ltd., India
- Jorong Barutama Greston.PT - Indonesia
- Aboitiz Power Corporation - Philippines
- Attock Cement Pakistan Limited
- Alfred C Toepfer International GmbH - Germany
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