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Tuesday, 22 December 20
2021 DRY BULK OUTLOOK - SUPPLY GROWTH - TORVALD KLAVENESS
 In the first article in the series we mentioned that dry bulk freight was in a super cycle between 2001 and 2008. The growth in global yard capacity was unable to keep up with the seaborne demand growth triggered by China joining the World Trade Organization in 2001. This led to extensive contracting on existing yards. In addition, we saw many orders at “greenfield” shipyards in China that had to be built before the construction of vessels could even commence. In some cases, contracts were made with a delivery date 5-6 years into the future. This led to unprecedented fleet growth in the 2009 to 2012 period. The peak year in terms of annual percentage fleet growth was in 2010 at 17.1% (see third graph below). While the peak years in terms of deliveries were in 2011 and 2012. Commodity prices, freight rates, asset prices and newbuild contracts collapsed in the months after the financial crisis. However, China soon stepped in and doubled down on their raw material purchases incentivized by the low landed cost of imported commodities. This led to rebounding freight rates and a new wave of newbuild contracting.
The freight market remained strong through most of 2010 but then started another negative spiral as fleet growth remained elevated and as the Chinese demand growth moderated from the neck breaking pace seen in the period directly after the financial crisis. Deliveries slowed down considerably in 2013(see graph below). As the underlying dry bulk demand was solid, the lower fleet growth was enough to once again pull freight rates higher. At an early stage of the 2013 freight rate recovery it was argued that this time around the higher freight rates would not trigger more orders. The reasoning was that the ship owning companies was strapped for liquidity after buying expensive vessels at the peak of the market. The shipping companies had enough on the plate just servicing their debt obligations, and banks were increasingly restrictive in their lending. Thus, a big wave of ordering was deemed unlikely. However, private equity was drawn to the sector as asset valuations were low and as the freight market was in what appeared to be a cyclical bottom. This unforeseen influx of capital from the outside led to another huge wave of contracting which at its peak almost reached the levels seen in 2008 (see left graph above). This turned out be another false dawn and freight markets trended further down before bottoming out in Q1-2016. Since then the underlying trend in freight rates has been positive. We did see a new wave in contracting in 2017 and 2018, but the amount of orders did not reach the same levels as in the previous waves. It was however enough to increase the year on year fleet growth from a bottom of 2.2% in 2016 to 4.0% in 2019, and about 3.3% in 2020 (see graph below). With limited newbuild orders in the last two years the orderbook as a percentage of the fleet now stands at 6.3% (see right graph above), the lowest level in Clarksons timeseries dating back to 1996.
Fleet growth in 2021/2022
Based on the current level of the orderbook we can with a high level of certainty predict that fleet growth will be at historical low levels in 2021 and 2022. We expect demolition in 2021 and 2022 to be on more or less on par with this year as the effects from higher freight and fairly low bunker prices limits the incentives for scrapping older inefficient tonnage. We expect total fleet growth in 2021 to end at 1.6%, which will be the lowest fleet growth recorded since 1999. For 2022 we expect fleet growth to increase slightly to 1.9%. This includes a guesstimate of another 6.2Mdwt of contracts will be added to orderbook with delivery in 2022. The average lead time between orders and delivery in recent years has been more than 24 months so time is running out for orders with delivery in 2022. However, there will also be contracts that has already been signed which as of today is not included in the orderbook.
We expect the fleet growth in 2021 to be lower than in 2020 for all segments. The fleet growth in the Capesize and Handysize segment is expected to be very low at 0.9 and 0.5% respectively. Fleet growth in the Panamax and Supramax segments are expected to come in at 2.7% and 2.3% respectively. Going into 2022 we expect the fleet growth to be 1.6% in Capesize segment, 2.4% in the Panamax and Supramax segment and 1.3% in the Handysize segment.
We are confident that the dry bulk fleet growth will be at historical lows in 2021 and 2022. What happens in 2023 and beyond is more open for debate. As we walked down the memory lane earlier in the article, we saw that any uptick in freight rates in the past 20 years has triggered big waves of newbuild orders. We believe it is very likely that freight rates will increase in 2021 and 2022 as low fleet growth combines with a seaborne dry bulk trade that recovers from the black swan events of Brumadinho and covid-19. Is there any reason not to expect a big wave of newbuilding orders this time around if the freight market improves? We certainly believe that higher freight markets will trigger more newbuild orders in the coming years. However, we also believe that fleet growth in the next 5 years is likely to be at low levels due to uncertainties around the choice of fuel and propulsion systems. Klaveness will monitor the decarbonization of shipping closely going forward and have established a team named ZeroLab by Klaveness. In the following paragraphs, Head of ZeroLab Martin Prokosch provides a brief introduction to this large topic.
The initial IMO Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Strategy, adopted in 2018, sets ambitious targets to reduce carbon intensity of international shipping by 40% in 2030 compared to 2008 and reduce the absolute GHG emissions from ships with 50% by 2050, compared to 2008. These targets are illustrated in the figure below, showing both the development in seaborne trade and GHG emissions from shipping, both indexed to 100 in 2008 (Source: IMO: Fourth GHG Study, 2020). In the years after 2008, the emissions were decoupled from further growth in seaborne trade. This was largely due to slow steaming of vessels and partly due to increased energy efficiency in new vessels (ECO-ships). In the recent years the absolute emissions have again been on the rise. To reach the 40% intensity reduction target in 2030, the absolute emissions will need to stay constant while seaborne trade recovers from COVID-19 and again continues to increase as expected.
While the 2030 targets are achievable with current technologies and available alternative fuel types (e.g., LNG), the 2050 targets are much harder to reach. To achieve a reduction of 50% in absolute emissions, the average vessel needs to emit 70-80% less in 2050 vs. 2008 to compensate for the expected growth in seaborne trade. Further, for the shipping sector to be fully aligned with the +1.5-degree target in the Paris agreement, the absolute emissions from this sector will need to reach net zero by 2050.
The usual tools will not bring us there; in order to reach the 2050 emissions targets (either IMO or full alignment with the Paris agreement), new energy sources and fuels need to be introduced for shipping. Slow-steaming and energy efficiency measures reduced the typical emissions of a Dry Bulk Panamax vessel by ~30% from 2008 to 2020 (equivalent to a reduction of ~10 tCO2e per year), but there is limited remaining potential in these measures. To bring the emissions from such a vessel down to 0-30% of the 2008 baseline, the GHG emissions related to the energy sources and fuel(s) need to be close to zero.
There is large uncertainty around which fuel(s) one should design a ship for when ordering vessels during the next decade. LNG is by many seen as a good bridging fuel, coming both at a cost advantage to HFO and offering 5-25% lower GHG emissions depending on engine technology.But unless both the hydrogen and carbon in the methane (CH4) eventually can be sourced from renewable sources (or directly from the air), even LNG will not bring us even close to the target in 2050. Biofuels can also be a bridging solution to reduce emissions in the short- and medium-term, but the future availability and general sustainability is hotly debated. Ammonia produced from renewable energy is by many regarded as the best candidate for the alternative fuel of the future for deep sea shipping. However, ammonia is challenging to handle and currently not available in “green form” (close to 100% is currently produced from fossil fuel). In the longer run, even nuclear energy could be back on the table, especially for very large ships. In the short- and medium-term owners will need to settle with looking at flexibility and optionality when designing and ordering vessels; an LNG-powered vessel designed with retrofit to use of green ammonia in mind, seems like a good place to start.
Conclusion
We are confident that the supply growth in 2021 and 2022 will be at historical low levels. In the absence of new black swan events of a similar magnitude as the Brumadinho disaster and the covid19 epidemic we firmly believe that 2021 and 2022 will deliver demand growth that exceeds the fleet growth. This will increase freight rates. While we do believe that higher freight will trigger more newbuild orders we expect supply growth to trail demand growth in the coming 5 years due to the uncertainty around the choice of fuel and propulsion systems.
So, there you have it. This concludes our 2021 dry bulk outlook series. Hopefully, it has given you as a reader some food for thought.
Source: Peter Lindström, Head of Research, Torvald Klaveness
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Thursday, 09 November 23
GREEK AND CHINESE COMPANIES OWN 34% OF THE GLOBAL FLEET’S CARGO CAPACITY - BIMCO
“The global fleet of cargo carrying ships consists of around 61,000 ships with a deadweight capacity of about 2,200 million tonnes. The ships ...
Monday, 23 October 23
CHINA SEPT COAL OUTPUT HITS SIX-MONTH HIGH ON RISING POWER DEMAND - REUTERS
China’s September coal output rose 0.4% from August to the highest level since March, official data showed on Wednesday, on rising power dema ...
Monday, 23 October 23
INDIA COAL INVENTORIES DROP AT FASTEST PACE IN TWO YEARS, BOOSTING IMPORTS - REUTERS
Coal inventories at Indian power plants in the first half of October fell at their fastest rate in two years, an analysis of government data showed ...
Tuesday, 19 September 23
LNG SHIPPING STOCKS: THE ASIAN GROWTH UP-INDICES
Last week, the UP World LNG Shipping Index (UPI) gained 3.81 points or 2.51%, closing at 155.85 points. This index tracks the performance of LNG sh ...
Sunday, 10 September 23
GOLDMAN SACHS PREDICTS OIL PRICE TO HIT $100 ON OPEC CUTS - YAHOO FINANCE
Oil supply cuts by Saudi Arabia and Russia could lead to Brent crude jumping as high as $107 a barrel in 2024, Goldman Sachs Commodities Research h ...
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- Central Java Power - Indonesia
- Indian Energy Exchange, India
- IHS Mccloskey Coal Group - USA
- Mercuria Energy - Indonesia
- Eastern Energy - Thailand
- San Jose City I Power Corp, Philippines
- Africa Commodities Group - South Africa
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited
- Goldman Sachs - Singapore
- Therma Luzon, Inc, Philippines
- Deloitte Consulting - India
- Energy Link Ltd, New Zealand
- PetroVietnam Power Coal Import and Supply Company
- Planning Commission, India
- Sical Logistics Limited - India
- Karaikal Port Pvt Ltd - India
- Toyota Tsusho Corporation, Japan
- Pendopo Energi Batubara - Indonesia
- Makarim & Taira - Indonesia
- Economic Council, Georgia
- The Treasury - Australian Government
- Anglo American - United Kingdom
- Essar Steel Hazira Ltd - India
- PTC India Limited - India
- Coastal Gujarat Power Limited - India
- Xindia Steels Limited - India
- Kideco Jaya Agung - Indonesia
- CIMB Investment Bank - Malaysia
- Bukit Baiduri Energy - Indonesia
- Merrill Lynch Commodities Europe
- ASAPP Information Group - India
- Chamber of Mines of South Africa
- ICICI Bank Limited - India
- International Coal Ventures Pvt Ltd - India
- Edison Trading Spa - Italy
- Kalimantan Lumbung Energi - Indonesia
- Videocon Industries ltd - India
- Karbindo Abesyapradhi - Indoneisa
- Tata Chemicals Ltd - India
- Truba Alam Manunggal Engineering.Tbk - Indonesia
- Bukit Makmur.PT - Indonesia
- Borneo Indobara - Indonesia
- Holcim Trading Pte Ltd - Singapore
- Electricity Authority, New Zealand
- Ind-Barath Power Infra Limited - India
- Kobexindo Tractors - Indoneisa
- Parliament of New Zealand
- Kepco SPC Power Corporation, Philippines
- South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation
- Heidelberg Cement - Germany
- Globalindo Alam Lestari - Indonesia
- AsiaOL BioFuels Corp., Philippines
- Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
- Jorong Barutama Greston.PT - Indonesia
- Bahari Cakrawala Sebuku - Indonesia
- Sojitz Corporation - Japan
- Krishnapatnam Port Company Ltd. - India
- Dalmia Cement Bharat India
- Binh Thuan Hamico - Vietnam
- Kaltim Prima Coal - Indonesia
- Thiess Contractors Indonesia
- Larsen & Toubro Limited - India
- Independent Power Producers Association of India
- Jaiprakash Power Ventures ltd
- McConnell Dowell - Australia
- Bhoruka Overseas - Indonesia
- MS Steel International - UAE
- Petrochimia International Co. Ltd.- Taiwan
- Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd, - India
- Formosa Plastics Group - Taiwan
- Indogreen Group - Indonesia
- Cement Manufacturers Association - India
- Mintek Dendrill Indonesia
- Antam Resourcindo - Indonesia
- Samtan Co., Ltd - South Korea
- Agrawal Coal Company - India
- Kohat Cement Company Ltd. - Pakistan
- Altura Mining Limited, Indonesia
- Maheswari Brothers Coal Limited - India
- Global Green Power PLC Corporation, Philippines
- GVK Power & Infra Limited - India
- Bayan Resources Tbk. - Indonesia
- Power Finance Corporation Ltd., India
- Posco Energy - South Korea
- Intertek Mineral Services - Indonesia
- Siam City Cement PLC, Thailand
- GN Power Mariveles Coal Plant, Philippines
- Straits Asia Resources Limited - Singapore
- Alfred C Toepfer International GmbH - Germany
- GMR Energy Limited - India
- Billiton Holdings Pty Ltd - Australia
- Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk - Indonesia
- Georgia Ports Authority, United States
- Vedanta Resources Plc - India
- Carbofer General Trading SA - India
- Marubeni Corporation - India
- Baramulti Group, Indonesia
- European Bulk Services B.V. - Netherlands
- Global Coal Blending Company Limited - Australia
- TNB Fuel Sdn Bhd - Malaysia
- Asmin Koalindo Tuhup - Indonesia
- Gujarat Mineral Development Corp Ltd - India
- Metalloyd Limited - United Kingdom
- Singapore Mercantile Exchange
- Sree Jayajothi Cements Limited - India
- Kumho Petrochemical, South Korea
- Minerals Council of Australia
- Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd
- Australian Coal Association
- Coalindo Energy - Indonesia
- Wilmar Investment Holdings
- Ambuja Cements Ltd - India
- Riau Bara Harum - Indonesia
- Meenaskhi Energy Private Limited - India
- Savvy Resources Ltd - HongKong
- Malabar Cements Ltd - India
- Grasim Industreis Ltd - India
- Ministry of Mines - Canada
- Jindal Steel & Power Ltd - India
- Indonesian Coal Mining Association
- Rio Tinto Coal - Australia
- Madhucon Powers Ltd - India
- Indo Tambangraya Megah - Indonesia
- Kartika Selabumi Mining - Indonesia
- Cigading International Bulk Terminal - Indonesia
- Central Electricity Authority - India
- Bharathi Cement Corporation - India
- The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd
- SN Aboitiz Power Inc, Philippines
- Bulk Trading Sa - Switzerland
- Interocean Group of Companies - India
- Sakthi Sugars Limited - India
- Uttam Galva Steels Limited - India
- PNOC Exploration Corporation - Philippines
- Bhatia International Limited - India
- Energy Development Corp, Philippines
- Siam City Cement - Thailand
- Simpson Spence & Young - Indonesia
- Aditya Birla Group - India
- Attock Cement Pakistan Limited
- Ministry of Transport, Egypt
- Gujarat Sidhee Cement - India
- Asia Pacific Energy Resources Ventures Inc, Philippines
- Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited - India
- Timah Investasi Mineral - Indoneisa
- Semirara Mining Corp, Philippines
- Dong Bac Coal Mineral Investment Coporation - Vietnam
- Semirara Mining and Power Corporation, Philippines
- OPG Power Generation Pvt Ltd - India
- Bhushan Steel Limited - India
- Renaissance Capital - South Africa
- Miang Besar Coal Terminal - Indonesia
- Eastern Coal Council - USA
- Mercator Lines Limited - India
- Banpu Public Company Limited - Thailand
- Coal and Oil Company - UAE
- Barasentosa Lestari - Indonesia
- VISA Power Limited - India
- Pipit Mutiara Jaya. PT, Indonesia
- Filglen & Citicon Mining (HK) Ltd - Hong Kong
- Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd - Australia
- Standard Chartered Bank - UAE
- Manunggal Multi Energi - Indonesia
- IEA Clean Coal Centre - UK
- CNBM International Corporation - China
- Trasteel International SA, Italy
- Medco Energi Mining Internasional
- Kapuas Tunggal Persada - Indonesia
- The University of Queensland
- Directorate Of Revenue Intelligence - India
- Lanco Infratech Ltd - India
- Oldendorff Carriers - Singapore
- SMG Consultants - Indonesia
- Australian Commodity Traders Exchange
- Vijayanagar Sugar Pvt Ltd - India
- Mjunction Services Limited - India
- Thai Mozambique Logistica
- TeaM Sual Corporation - Philippines
- Parry Sugars Refinery, India
- Ministry of Finance - Indonesia
- Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- GAC Shipping (India) Pvt Ltd
- Chettinad Cement Corporation Ltd - India
- Orica Australia Pty. Ltd.
- Romanian Commodities Exchange
- London Commodity Brokers - England
- Salva Resources Pvt Ltd - India
- India Bulls Power Limited - India
- PowerSource Philippines DevCo
- Global Business Power Corporation, Philippines
- Sarangani Energy Corporation, Philippines
- LBH Netherlands Bv - Netherlands
- Wood Mackenzie - Singapore
- Latin American Coal - Colombia
- Indika Energy - Indonesia
- Vizag Seaport Private Limited - India
- Directorate General of MIneral and Coal - Indonesia
- Star Paper Mills Limited - India
- SMC Global Power, Philippines
- Ceylon Electricity Board - Sri Lanka
- Petron Corporation, Philippines
- White Energy Company Limited
- Sinarmas Energy and Mining - Indonesia
- Meralco Power Generation, Philippines
- Bangladesh Power Developement Board
- Port Waratah Coal Services - Australia
- Aboitiz Power Corporation - Philippines
- New Zealand Coal & Carbon
- Commonwealth Bank - Australia
- Dr Ramakrishna Prasad Power Pvt Ltd - India
- Orica Mining Services - Indonesia
- Tamil Nadu electricity Board
- Sindya Power Generating Company Private Ltd
- Price Waterhouse Coopers - Russia
- Iligan Light & Power Inc, Philippines
- Offshore Bulk Terminal Pte Ltd, Singapore
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