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Wednesday, 20 November 19
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS IN COMMERCIAL COAL MINING IN INDIA? - DIPESH DIPU
 In August 2019, Government of India announced its approval for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) for coal mining, processing and sale. Not that FDI in coal mining sector was new, but novelty in that was that government now permitted foreign ownership of coal mines for commercial sale of coal produced from such mines. He justifications provided by government sources included need for competition in a sector that has been traditionally dominated by government-owned companies Coal India Limited and Singareni Collieries Company Limited; need for enhanced production as here has been shortfall in meeting demand; and, need for newer technologies that may bring in sustainability to coal mining. These indeed are commendable objectives and opening up the sector for foreign participation may certainly be considered a step in the right direction. However, public policy needs to be grounded in realism, and the reality of attractiveness of commercial coal mining in India does not bode well for foreign participation.
The response of government-owned companies for coal blocks on offer for allotment for commercial coal mining was announced in early August 2019 provides the evidence. Nine coal blocks were put on offer for sale of coal in markets and the eligibility for these were restricted to government-owned companies including the state government-owned ones. There were, however, only three coal blocks[1] that received applications by NMDC Limited, Jharkhand State Mineral Development Corporation and Madhya Pradesh State Mining Corporation. This lukewarm response may indicate towards the market sentiments for commercial coal mining in India. It must also be considered here that the coal blocks for allotment for government-owned companies do not have the two-stage auction based bidding for winning the blocks and, thus, the pay-out required to win these coal blocks may be lower in comparison to coal blocks put out for auctions. So, even with lower additional pay-out to government in the form of premium the coal blocks have not found many takers. There may be several underlying economic reasons, which are amplified for foreign participants, and thus, require consideration to evaluate if this approval for FDI in commercial coal mining would have any impact and if it would meet its stated objectives.
The first and the foremost is the economic feasibility of these mines. The foreign, and indeed any private company, would have to participate in auction process for winning a coal block, and commit to a competitive premium to access the resources. This has been an impediment for private sector participation in India, given the evidence of coal blocks awarded for captive consumption in power and non-regulated sectors that include cement, steel and other approved end users. There seems to be some sanity dawning on participants on these auction with every successive rounds of auction, seen from the lower winning premiums, and hence, it may be expected that the trend may continue. Nonetheless, the premium will certainly erode the margins for commercial miners, the extent of this erosion would be a function of degree of competition for the coal blocks. The margins are also likely to be uncertain in view of the price volatility of coal, which in Indian market is pegged with CIL price and a certain premium that reflects typically the discount that IL prices tend to have over energy-equivalent international prices. This uncertainty of prices is likely to be confounded by the uncertainty in demand-supply gap that these commercial miners are required to fulfil. There has been a shortfall in supply in the recent past, evident from the rise in coal imports in the last two years even with the stated objective of the government to reduce coal imports. This may present itself as an opportunity. However, the question is whether this shortfall is likely to sustain, and thus, create a marketplace for commercial miners. With a slump in thermal power generation and nearly absent pipeline of new coal based projects, this assumption may be quite a big one to make and decide in favour of making foreign direct investment in Indian coal mining.
Other important risks pertain to project execution. There have been several impediments in coal mining project implementations, such as procurement of licenses and permits, acquisition of land and rehabilitation and resettlement of project affected people. These, apart from the procedural challenges, involve risk of reputation. Business practices on all these accounts in mining sector have often been marred with controversies and have led to perceptions of externalities in these processes having significant influence on the outcomes. Foreign participants in Indian mining have been wary of these, and hence, have had little success to show even though they have had offices and a few exploration and contract mining projects in India. Apart from reputation, the risks in procurement of licenses and land acquisition create the risks of project delays, which may then translate into cost escalations, thereby impacting project economics. Coal mining projects may have such challenges in attracting foreign direct investment.
There are challenges of talent shortage and financing as well. Innovative technologies that the foreign miners are likely to bring in India will require high quality geo-statisticians, geologists, mine planners and mining engineers. India does produce graduates in these areas of study but quantities do no necessarily reflect quality, which are further compounded by the brain drain of talent into other industries, primarily, information technology. Mining industry in general, and coal mining in particular, has not been able to retain relent in the last decade or so, with advent of opportunities for the smart geoscientists and engineers in alternate industries. Foreign mining companies may find this crippling.
There are challenges in financing too. Coal mining projects may have been good candidates for resource-based financing, but that has not happened on account of several factors, not the least of those being dominance of government-owned companies priding themselves on debt-free balance sheets, and the quality of geological information that may be inferior to global standards. The market for debt for coal mining then often reduces itself to equipment financing with the equipment being securitised to the lenders. Globally preferred model of equipment leasing is still in its relatively early stages of comprehension and acceptance in Indian mining. With limited options of raising finances, the higher degree of equity investments may also be a deterrent for foreign investors as the may have comparable projects competing for scarce capital.
Coal mining industry has been on a downward spiral globally. Foreign large miners have divested or are divesting their stakes in coal projects. Global bankers have committed themselves to not financing coal and coal based power projects. Insurance companies are shying away from coal projects too. The ecosystem for coal mining project execution is dying. Epitaphs are being written on coal and its demise is predicted by governments, investors and policy analysts wold over. But for the coal addiction of Asia, China and India in particular, the demise may have been sooner. Under such gloomy outlook for the industry, with coal mining companies filing for bankruptcies frequently, it would be tough to get these foreign companies to look at Indian destinations favourably. An industry staring at terminal decline may not witness new investors, and old ones that may have been facing severe challenges in their home countries to look out for opportunities in India.
Optimism at this point of time of foreign miners participating in Indian coal mining sector, that presents a challenging business environment, may be misplaced. Only when the government calls for applications for coal blocks for sale of coal with permitted participation for foreign direct investment that the final picture shall emerge.
By Dipesh Dipu
Energy, Natural Resources and Infrastructure Expert
This article originaly published on economictimes and Linkedin
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- Sarangani Energy Corporation, Philippines
- IEA Clean Coal Centre - UK
- Maheswari Brothers Coal Limited - India
- South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation
- Dalmia Cement Bharat India
- Rio Tinto Coal - Australia
- Parliament of New Zealand
- Madhucon Powers Ltd - India
- Kartika Selabumi Mining - Indonesia
- Offshore Bulk Terminal Pte Ltd, Singapore
- GVK Power & Infra Limited - India
- Coal and Oil Company - UAE
- MS Steel International - UAE
- Mercator Lines Limited - India
- Ministry of Transport, Egypt
- Heidelberg Cement - Germany
- Coalindo Energy - Indonesia
- Semirara Mining Corp, Philippines
- Simpson Spence & Young - Indonesia
- Vijayanagar Sugar Pvt Ltd - India
- Borneo Indobara - Indonesia
- Bahari Cakrawala Sebuku - Indonesia
- Bayan Resources Tbk. - Indonesia
- Cigading International Bulk Terminal - Indonesia
- CIMB Investment Bank - Malaysia
- Chettinad Cement Corporation Ltd - India
- Sindya Power Generating Company Private Ltd
- Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Directorate General of MIneral and Coal - Indonesia
- Miang Besar Coal Terminal - Indonesia
- Indo Tambangraya Megah - Indonesia
- The Treasury - Australian Government
- Bukit Makmur.PT - Indonesia
- Bhoruka Overseas - Indonesia
- Chamber of Mines of South Africa
- Directorate Of Revenue Intelligence - India
- Banpu Public Company Limited - Thailand
- Kideco Jaya Agung - Indonesia
- Commonwealth Bank - Australia
- Binh Thuan Hamico - Vietnam
- Samtan Co., Ltd - South Korea
- CNBM International Corporation - China
- Ind-Barath Power Infra Limited - India
- Bangladesh Power Developement Board
- Vizag Seaport Private Limited - India
- Ceylon Electricity Board - Sri Lanka
- Africa Commodities Group - South Africa
- Cement Manufacturers Association - India
- ICICI Bank Limited - India
- Larsen & Toubro Limited - India
- Siam City Cement PLC, Thailand
- Mercuria Energy - Indonesia
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited
- San Jose City I Power Corp, Philippines
- TNB Fuel Sdn Bhd - Malaysia
- Savvy Resources Ltd - HongKong
- GN Power Mariveles Coal Plant, Philippines
- Economic Council, Georgia
- Asia Pacific Energy Resources Ventures Inc, Philippines
- PowerSource Philippines DevCo
- Pipit Mutiara Jaya. PT, Indonesia
- Billiton Holdings Pty Ltd - Australia
- Essar Steel Hazira Ltd - India
- Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk - Indonesia
- Truba Alam Manunggal Engineering.Tbk - Indonesia
- Makarim & Taira - Indonesia
- Wood Mackenzie - Singapore
- Bhatia International Limited - India
- Goldman Sachs - Singapore
- Meenaskhi Energy Private Limited - India
- Global Green Power PLC Corporation, Philippines
- Xindia Steels Limited - India
- Baramulti Group, Indonesia
- Electricity Authority, New Zealand
- London Commodity Brokers - England
- Star Paper Mills Limited - India
- Sakthi Sugars Limited - India
- Medco Energi Mining Internasional
- Carbofer General Trading SA - India
- Malabar Cements Ltd - India
- Thai Mozambique Logistica
- Asmin Koalindo Tuhup - Indonesia
- Sojitz Corporation - Japan
- Meralco Power Generation, Philippines
- Anglo American - United Kingdom
- Central Java Power - Indonesia
- Jindal Steel & Power Ltd - India
- White Energy Company Limited
- Edison Trading Spa - Italy
- Independent Power Producers Association of India
- Power Finance Corporation Ltd., India
- Tamil Nadu electricity Board
- Bharathi Cement Corporation - India
- GMR Energy Limited - India
- AsiaOL BioFuels Corp., Philippines
- Vedanta Resources Plc - India
- Australian Commodity Traders Exchange
- Global Business Power Corporation, Philippines
- Oldendorff Carriers - Singapore
- Therma Luzon, Inc, Philippines
- Bulk Trading Sa - Switzerland
- Global Coal Blending Company Limited - Australia
- Agrawal Coal Company - India
- Wilmar Investment Holdings
- Kaltim Prima Coal - Indonesia
- Dong Bac Coal Mineral Investment Coporation - Vietnam
- Eastern Energy - Thailand
- Mjunction Services Limited - India
- Grasim Industreis Ltd - India
- Iligan Light & Power Inc, Philippines
- Filglen & Citicon Mining (HK) Ltd - Hong Kong
- Barasentosa Lestari - Indonesia
- Kalimantan Lumbung Energi - Indonesia
- Dr Ramakrishna Prasad Power Pvt Ltd - India
- Australian Coal Association
- SN Aboitiz Power Inc, Philippines
- Orica Mining Services - Indonesia
- Sical Logistics Limited - India
- Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
- Indogreen Group - Indonesia
- Antam Resourcindo - Indonesia
- Petron Corporation, Philippines
- PNOC Exploration Corporation - Philippines
- India Bulls Power Limited - India
- Kepco SPC Power Corporation, Philippines
- Indika Energy - Indonesia
- Renaissance Capital - South Africa
- Georgia Ports Authority, United States
- Trasteel International SA, Italy
- Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited - India
- Central Electricity Authority - India
- Parry Sugars Refinery, India
- Semirara Mining and Power Corporation, Philippines
- Gujarat Sidhee Cement - India
- Globalindo Alam Lestari - Indonesia
- Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd
- Intertek Mineral Services - Indonesia
- Sinarmas Energy and Mining - Indonesia
- Gujarat Mineral Development Corp Ltd - India
- Straits Asia Resources Limited - Singapore
- Jaiprakash Power Ventures ltd
- Videocon Industries ltd - India
- OPG Power Generation Pvt Ltd - India
- Karaikal Port Pvt Ltd - India
- Bukit Baiduri Energy - Indonesia
- Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd - Australia
- Energy Development Corp, Philippines
- LBH Netherlands Bv - Netherlands
- TeaM Sual Corporation - Philippines
- Manunggal Multi Energi - Indonesia
- Eastern Coal Council - USA
- Pendopo Energi Batubara - Indonesia
- Standard Chartered Bank - UAE
- Holcim Trading Pte Ltd - Singapore
- Alfred C Toepfer International GmbH - Germany
- Attock Cement Pakistan Limited
- McConnell Dowell - Australia
- SMG Consultants - Indonesia
- Price Waterhouse Coopers - Russia
- Marubeni Corporation - India
- Coastal Gujarat Power Limited - India
- Mintek Dendrill Indonesia
- Ambuja Cements Ltd - India
- Metalloyd Limited - United Kingdom
- Deloitte Consulting - India
- Aboitiz Power Corporation - Philippines
- Riau Bara Harum - Indonesia
- Interocean Group of Companies - India
- Toyota Tsusho Corporation, Japan
- Krishnapatnam Port Company Ltd. - India
- The University of Queensland
- Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd, - India
- Petrochimia International Co. Ltd.- Taiwan
- Singapore Mercantile Exchange
- SMC Global Power, Philippines
- The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd
- Minerals Council of Australia
- New Zealand Coal & Carbon
- Karbindo Abesyapradhi - Indoneisa
- Kobexindo Tractors - Indoneisa
- Energy Link Ltd, New Zealand
- Lanco Infratech Ltd - India
- VISA Power Limited - India
- GAC Shipping (India) Pvt Ltd
- IHS Mccloskey Coal Group - USA
- Kapuas Tunggal Persada - Indonesia
- Jorong Barutama Greston.PT - Indonesia
- Indian Energy Exchange, India
- Romanian Commodities Exchange
- Orica Australia Pty. Ltd.
- Tata Chemicals Ltd - India
- PetroVietnam Power Coal Import and Supply Company
- Uttam Galva Steels Limited - India
- Aditya Birla Group - India
- Thiess Contractors Indonesia
- Altura Mining Limited, Indonesia
- European Bulk Services B.V. - Netherlands
- Port Waratah Coal Services - Australia
- Indonesian Coal Mining Association
- International Coal Ventures Pvt Ltd - India
- Sree Jayajothi Cements Limited - India
- Siam City Cement - Thailand
- Planning Commission, India
- Kohat Cement Company Ltd. - Pakistan
- Ministry of Mines - Canada
- Bhushan Steel Limited - India
- ASAPP Information Group - India
- Salva Resources Pvt Ltd - India
- Latin American Coal - Colombia
- Ministry of Finance - Indonesia
- Timah Investasi Mineral - Indoneisa
- Merrill Lynch Commodities Europe
- Posco Energy - South Korea
- PTC India Limited - India
- Formosa Plastics Group - Taiwan
- Kumho Petrochemical, South Korea
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