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Wednesday, 20 November 19
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS IN COMMERCIAL COAL MINING IN INDIA? - DIPESH DIPU
 In August 2019, Government of India announced its approval for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) for coal mining, processing and sale. Not that FDI in coal mining sector was new, but novelty in that was that government now permitted foreign ownership of coal mines for commercial sale of coal produced from such mines. He justifications provided by government sources included need for competition in a sector that has been traditionally dominated by government-owned companies Coal India Limited and Singareni Collieries Company Limited; need for enhanced production as here has been shortfall in meeting demand; and, need for newer technologies that may bring in sustainability to coal mining. These indeed are commendable objectives and opening up the sector for foreign participation may certainly be considered a step in the right direction. However, public policy needs to be grounded in realism, and the reality of attractiveness of commercial coal mining in India does not bode well for foreign participation.
The response of government-owned companies for coal blocks on offer for allotment for commercial coal mining was announced in early August 2019 provides the evidence. Nine coal blocks were put on offer for sale of coal in markets and the eligibility for these were restricted to government-owned companies including the state government-owned ones. There were, however, only three coal blocks[1] that received applications by NMDC Limited, Jharkhand State Mineral Development Corporation and Madhya Pradesh State Mining Corporation. This lukewarm response may indicate towards the market sentiments for commercial coal mining in India. It must also be considered here that the coal blocks for allotment for government-owned companies do not have the two-stage auction based bidding for winning the blocks and, thus, the pay-out required to win these coal blocks may be lower in comparison to coal blocks put out for auctions. So, even with lower additional pay-out to government in the form of premium the coal blocks have not found many takers. There may be several underlying economic reasons, which are amplified for foreign participants, and thus, require consideration to evaluate if this approval for FDI in commercial coal mining would have any impact and if it would meet its stated objectives.
The first and the foremost is the economic feasibility of these mines. The foreign, and indeed any private company, would have to participate in auction process for winning a coal block, and commit to a competitive premium to access the resources. This has been an impediment for private sector participation in India, given the evidence of coal blocks awarded for captive consumption in power and non-regulated sectors that include cement, steel and other approved end users. There seems to be some sanity dawning on participants on these auction with every successive rounds of auction, seen from the lower winning premiums, and hence, it may be expected that the trend may continue. Nonetheless, the premium will certainly erode the margins for commercial miners, the extent of this erosion would be a function of degree of competition for the coal blocks. The margins are also likely to be uncertain in view of the price volatility of coal, which in Indian market is pegged with CIL price and a certain premium that reflects typically the discount that IL prices tend to have over energy-equivalent international prices. This uncertainty of prices is likely to be confounded by the uncertainty in demand-supply gap that these commercial miners are required to fulfil. There has been a shortfall in supply in the recent past, evident from the rise in coal imports in the last two years even with the stated objective of the government to reduce coal imports. This may present itself as an opportunity. However, the question is whether this shortfall is likely to sustain, and thus, create a marketplace for commercial miners. With a slump in thermal power generation and nearly absent pipeline of new coal based projects, this assumption may be quite a big one to make and decide in favour of making foreign direct investment in Indian coal mining.
Other important risks pertain to project execution. There have been several impediments in coal mining project implementations, such as procurement of licenses and permits, acquisition of land and rehabilitation and resettlement of project affected people. These, apart from the procedural challenges, involve risk of reputation. Business practices on all these accounts in mining sector have often been marred with controversies and have led to perceptions of externalities in these processes having significant influence on the outcomes. Foreign participants in Indian mining have been wary of these, and hence, have had little success to show even though they have had offices and a few exploration and contract mining projects in India. Apart from reputation, the risks in procurement of licenses and land acquisition create the risks of project delays, which may then translate into cost escalations, thereby impacting project economics. Coal mining projects may have such challenges in attracting foreign direct investment.
There are challenges of talent shortage and financing as well. Innovative technologies that the foreign miners are likely to bring in India will require high quality geo-statisticians, geologists, mine planners and mining engineers. India does produce graduates in these areas of study but quantities do no necessarily reflect quality, which are further compounded by the brain drain of talent into other industries, primarily, information technology. Mining industry in general, and coal mining in particular, has not been able to retain relent in the last decade or so, with advent of opportunities for the smart geoscientists and engineers in alternate industries. Foreign mining companies may find this crippling.
There are challenges in financing too. Coal mining projects may have been good candidates for resource-based financing, but that has not happened on account of several factors, not the least of those being dominance of government-owned companies priding themselves on debt-free balance sheets, and the quality of geological information that may be inferior to global standards. The market for debt for coal mining then often reduces itself to equipment financing with the equipment being securitised to the lenders. Globally preferred model of equipment leasing is still in its relatively early stages of comprehension and acceptance in Indian mining. With limited options of raising finances, the higher degree of equity investments may also be a deterrent for foreign investors as the may have comparable projects competing for scarce capital.
Coal mining industry has been on a downward spiral globally. Foreign large miners have divested or are divesting their stakes in coal projects. Global bankers have committed themselves to not financing coal and coal based power projects. Insurance companies are shying away from coal projects too. The ecosystem for coal mining project execution is dying. Epitaphs are being written on coal and its demise is predicted by governments, investors and policy analysts wold over. But for the coal addiction of Asia, China and India in particular, the demise may have been sooner. Under such gloomy outlook for the industry, with coal mining companies filing for bankruptcies frequently, it would be tough to get these foreign companies to look at Indian destinations favourably. An industry staring at terminal decline may not witness new investors, and old ones that may have been facing severe challenges in their home countries to look out for opportunities in India.
Optimism at this point of time of foreign miners participating in Indian coal mining sector, that presents a challenging business environment, may be misplaced. Only when the government calls for applications for coal blocks for sale of coal with permitted participation for foreign direct investment that the final picture shall emerge.
By Dipesh Dipu
Energy, Natural Resources and Infrastructure Expert
This article originaly published on economictimes and Linkedin
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- Coal and Oil Company - UAE
- Alfred C Toepfer International GmbH - Germany
- Holcim Trading Pte Ltd - Singapore
- Toyota Tsusho Corporation, Japan
- Directorate General of MIneral and Coal - Indonesia
- IHS Mccloskey Coal Group - USA
- Jorong Barutama Greston.PT - Indonesia
- Lanco Infratech Ltd - India
- New Zealand Coal & Carbon
- India Bulls Power Limited - India
- Sakthi Sugars Limited - India
- Asia Pacific Energy Resources Ventures Inc, Philippines
- CNBM International Corporation - China
- Interocean Group of Companies - India
- GN Power Mariveles Coal Plant, Philippines
- Asmin Koalindo Tuhup - Indonesia
- Vizag Seaport Private Limited - India
- SMC Global Power, Philippines
- Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk - Indonesia
- Mjunction Services Limited - India
- PTC India Limited - India
- Sical Logistics Limited - India
- Ministry of Mines - Canada
- Makarim & Taira - Indonesia
- SN Aboitiz Power Inc, Philippines
- Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited - India
- Chettinad Cement Corporation Ltd - India
- Meenaskhi Energy Private Limited - India
- The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd
- Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
- Bulk Trading Sa - Switzerland
- PNOC Exploration Corporation - Philippines
- Dalmia Cement Bharat India
- Bahari Cakrawala Sebuku - Indonesia
- Truba Alam Manunggal Engineering.Tbk - Indonesia
- Karbindo Abesyapradhi - Indoneisa
- Gujarat Sidhee Cement - India
- Anglo American - United Kingdom
- Deloitte Consulting - India
- London Commodity Brokers - England
- Orica Mining Services - Indonesia
- PetroVietnam Power Coal Import and Supply Company
- South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation
- Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd - Australia
- Bukit Makmur.PT - Indonesia
- AsiaOL BioFuels Corp., Philippines
- Kaltim Prima Coal - Indonesia
- White Energy Company Limited
- Madhucon Powers Ltd - India
- Indogreen Group - Indonesia
- Global Green Power PLC Corporation, Philippines
- Semirara Mining Corp, Philippines
- Heidelberg Cement - Germany
- Oldendorff Carriers - Singapore
- Ind-Barath Power Infra Limited - India
- Antam Resourcindo - Indonesia
- Ambuja Cements Ltd - India
- Attock Cement Pakistan Limited
- Planning Commission, India
- Parliament of New Zealand
- Maheswari Brothers Coal Limited - India
- Sinarmas Energy and Mining - Indonesia
- Videocon Industries ltd - India
- Mercuria Energy - Indonesia
- San Jose City I Power Corp, Philippines
- Essar Steel Hazira Ltd - India
- Billiton Holdings Pty Ltd - Australia
- IEA Clean Coal Centre - UK
- Edison Trading Spa - Italy
- Africa Commodities Group - South Africa
- Trasteel International SA, Italy
- Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd
- Altura Mining Limited, Indonesia
- Romanian Commodities Exchange
- Renaissance Capital - South Africa
- CIMB Investment Bank - Malaysia
- The University of Queensland
- Semirara Mining and Power Corporation, Philippines
- Kumho Petrochemical, South Korea
- Kohat Cement Company Ltd. - Pakistan
- Bharathi Cement Corporation - India
- Power Finance Corporation Ltd., India
- Rio Tinto Coal - Australia
- Coalindo Energy - Indonesia
- Siam City Cement - Thailand
- Savvy Resources Ltd - HongKong
- Aditya Birla Group - India
- Thai Mozambique Logistica
- TeaM Sual Corporation - Philippines
- Energy Link Ltd, New Zealand
- Manunggal Multi Energi - Indonesia
- Singapore Mercantile Exchange
- Krishnapatnam Port Company Ltd. - India
- Wood Mackenzie - Singapore
- Jindal Steel & Power Ltd - India
- Directorate Of Revenue Intelligence - India
- Bayan Resources Tbk. - Indonesia
- McConnell Dowell - Australia
- Eastern Energy - Thailand
- Simpson Spence & Young - Indonesia
- Agrawal Coal Company - India
- Iligan Light & Power Inc, Philippines
- Indika Energy - Indonesia
- Salva Resources Pvt Ltd - India
- Ceylon Electricity Board - Sri Lanka
- Kobexindo Tractors - Indoneisa
- MS Steel International - UAE
- Cement Manufacturers Association - India
- Central Java Power - Indonesia
- Intertek Mineral Services - Indonesia
- ICICI Bank Limited - India
- Offshore Bulk Terminal Pte Ltd, Singapore
- Bangladesh Power Developement Board
- Siam City Cement PLC, Thailand
- Kalimantan Lumbung Energi - Indonesia
- The Treasury - Australian Government
- Energy Development Corp, Philippines
- Australian Coal Association
- Indonesian Coal Mining Association
- Kapuas Tunggal Persada - Indonesia
- Timah Investasi Mineral - Indoneisa
- Filglen & Citicon Mining (HK) Ltd - Hong Kong
- Indo Tambangraya Megah - Indonesia
- Globalindo Alam Lestari - Indonesia
- Posco Energy - South Korea
- Electricity Authority, New Zealand
- Jaiprakash Power Ventures ltd
- Goldman Sachs - Singapore
- Formosa Plastics Group - Taiwan
- Medco Energi Mining Internasional
- Pipit Mutiara Jaya. PT, Indonesia
- Bhatia International Limited - India
- ASAPP Information Group - India
- Thiess Contractors Indonesia
- Miang Besar Coal Terminal - Indonesia
- Bhushan Steel Limited - India
- Petrochimia International Co. Ltd.- Taiwan
- Minerals Council of Australia
- Global Coal Blending Company Limited - Australia
- Indian Energy Exchange, India
- Parry Sugars Refinery, India
- Ministry of Finance - Indonesia
- Dong Bac Coal Mineral Investment Coporation - Vietnam
- Ministry of Transport, Egypt
- Samtan Co., Ltd - South Korea
- Riau Bara Harum - Indonesia
- European Bulk Services B.V. - Netherlands
- Bukit Baiduri Energy - Indonesia
- Sarangani Energy Corporation, Philippines
- Georgia Ports Authority, United States
- Economic Council, Georgia
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited
- Central Electricity Authority - India
- GVK Power & Infra Limited - India
- Carbofer General Trading SA - India
- Star Paper Mills Limited - India
- Kepco SPC Power Corporation, Philippines
- Orica Australia Pty. Ltd.
- Sree Jayajothi Cements Limited - India
- Pendopo Energi Batubara - Indonesia
- Price Waterhouse Coopers - Russia
- International Coal Ventures Pvt Ltd - India
- Global Business Power Corporation, Philippines
- PowerSource Philippines DevCo
- Cigading International Bulk Terminal - Indonesia
- TNB Fuel Sdn Bhd - Malaysia
- Vedanta Resources Plc - India
- Baramulti Group, Indonesia
- Tamil Nadu electricity Board
- Petron Corporation, Philippines
- Coastal Gujarat Power Limited - India
- Barasentosa Lestari - Indonesia
- Tata Chemicals Ltd - India
- Larsen & Toubro Limited - India
- Latin American Coal - Colombia
- Mercator Lines Limited - India
- Metalloyd Limited - United Kingdom
- Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Vijayanagar Sugar Pvt Ltd - India
- SMG Consultants - Indonesia
- Port Waratah Coal Services - Australia
- GMR Energy Limited - India
- Uttam Galva Steels Limited - India
- Banpu Public Company Limited - Thailand
- Independent Power Producers Association of India
- Commonwealth Bank - Australia
- Kideco Jaya Agung - Indonesia
- Mintek Dendrill Indonesia
- Standard Chartered Bank - UAE
- Bhoruka Overseas - Indonesia
- Malabar Cements Ltd - India
- Merrill Lynch Commodities Europe
- Sojitz Corporation - Japan
- OPG Power Generation Pvt Ltd - India
- GAC Shipping (India) Pvt Ltd
- Dr Ramakrishna Prasad Power Pvt Ltd - India
- Chamber of Mines of South Africa
- Xindia Steels Limited - India
- Marubeni Corporation - India
- Borneo Indobara - Indonesia
- LBH Netherlands Bv - Netherlands
- Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd, - India
- Karaikal Port Pvt Ltd - India
- Grasim Industreis Ltd - India
- Eastern Coal Council - USA
- Sindya Power Generating Company Private Ltd
- Aboitiz Power Corporation - Philippines
- Binh Thuan Hamico - Vietnam
- Therma Luzon, Inc, Philippines
- Straits Asia Resources Limited - Singapore
- VISA Power Limited - India
- Australian Commodity Traders Exchange
- Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Wilmar Investment Holdings
- Kartika Selabumi Mining - Indonesia
- Meralco Power Generation, Philippines
- Gujarat Mineral Development Corp Ltd - India
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