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Monday, 09 March 15
CHINA'S SUPREME COURT ISSUES NEW JUDICIAL INTERPRETATION ON SHIP ARREST AND JUDICIAL SALE OF SHIPS - GARD
 KNOWLEDGE TO ELEVATE
China is not traditionally a popular jurisdiction for ship arrest. However, Members and clients with ships calling at ports in China should be aware of this development. This guidance is aimed at clarifying ship arrest and sale procedure in the Chinese maritime courts which could lead to more frequent vessel arrests in China.
This Insight is a brief commentary on a new judicial interpretation1 issued by China’s Supreme Court. It covers a number of issues relating to ship arrest and the judicial sale of ships (the Interpretation) that came into force on 1 March 2015.
Provision of counter-security for arrest
It is normal practice for a claimant to provide counter-security when arresting in China. Article 76 of the Special Maritime Procedure Law 1999 (SMPL 1999)2 provides that the amount of counter-security should be equivalent to the probable loss the arrest would cause to the party whose vessel is arrested. Over the years, the practice of the Chinese maritime courts has varied depending on the facts of the case and different approaches by individual judges. In some cases, the counter-security amount was equivalent to 30 days’ hire of the vessel, whilst in others an amount equal to the claim in respect of which the vessel was arrested.
The Interpretation sets out in Article 5 a mechanism to calculate the security amount based on the aggregate of:
- the maintenance expenses of the vessel during the period of arrest
- the loss of use resulting from the arrest
- the cost to the party whose vessel had been arrested (the respondent) to provide security to release the vessel.
This is the same formula used for assessing the losses resulting from wrongful arrest, as set out in Article 24 of the Supreme Court’s judicial interpretation of 2003 relating to application of the SMPL 1999.3
A number of factors remain unclear, however, such as:
- the level of maintenance to be carried out during the arrest period
- the applicable rate of hire while under arrest
- the scope of security costs – in practice, the maritime courts have generally only included the commission payable by the respondent to provide a bank guarantee.
Furthermore, at the time the arrest application is made – and counter-security is assessed – the respondent will not have an opportunity to substantiate or challenge the evidence submitted relating to maintenance, hire and security costs. That said, once counter security has been provided following the vessel’s arrest, the owners may apply for the amount of security to be increased in the event it can be shown that the original amount is insufficient to cover the owners’ likely losses if the arrest proves wrongful.
Although Article 5 still leaves some open questions, at least it sets out a formula to be followed.
A further clarification relating to counter-security is set out in Article 4. This provides that the maritime courts have a discretion not to request counter-security if the arrest relates to a claim for personal injury at sea or a claim arising under a crew service contract.
Multiple arrests of the same vessel
Article 2 of the Interpretation allows multiple claimants to arrest the same vessel as security for their respective claims. Further, if a claimant has made an arrest application but not applied for a judicial sale, then any subsequent claimant making an arrest application may apply for judicial sale of the vessel according to Article 28 of SMPL 1999.
The Interpretation does not, however, tackle the issue of whether each claimant having arrested the vessel must provide counter-security to the full extent of their respective claims.
Judicial sale and procedure
There are several provisions relating to the judicial sale of vessels:
- Article 11 provides that the judicial sale of a vessel is to be organized by a ship auction committee (comprising judges, auctioneers and surveyors, normally three or five persons, as per Article 34 SMPL 1999)
- Article 13 states that in the event of two failed judicial auctions, the sale price of a ship can be reduced – but not to less than 50 per cent of its assessed value
- Article 14 provides that if a ship has still not been sold after a price reduction, the court may lower the price below 50 per cent of its assessed value provided consent is given by creditors representing two thirds or more of the registered creditors’ claims. In the event a sale is still unsuccessful, the court may release the vessel from arrest
- Article 16 requires creditors to register their claims within 60 days after the court’s announcement for the first judicial auction.
Release of counter-security
The practice of the Chinese maritime courts relating to release or return of counter-security has been a concern for claimants in the past. Counter-security could be held up to two years after the claim had been settled on the basis that it represented security for a possible, subsequent wrongful arrest claim brought by the respondent.
Article 6 of the Interpretation will no doubt be welcomed by claimants. It provides that counter-security should be returned to the claimant forthwith:
- if the respondent agrees, or
- if the claimant requests its return, supported by a valid judicial instrument affirming that the respondent is liable for the claim and the awarded amount is approximately equivalent to the amount of security.
In addition, when a claim has been finally concluded, the claimant can apply to the maritime court for return of the security. The court will notify the respondent and allow them to bring any wrongful arrest claim within 30 days, failing which the security will be returned to the claimant.
Arrest and judicial sale of bareboat chartered vessels
Article 23 of SMPL 1999 allows a claimant to apply to arrest a vessel where its bareboat charterer may be liable for a maritime claim and the ship is under bareboat charter at the time of arrest. However, it has not been clear whether the claimant could apply for judicial sale of the vessel following the arrest.
This is now resolved by Article 3 of the Interpretation, which provides that the claimant is entitled to apply (under Article 29 SMPL 1999) for a judicial sale of the vessel to recover a maritime claim for which the bareboat charterer is liable.
This provision is likely to expose head owners to the possibility of their vessel being subjected to a judicial sale through no fault of their own. This might be of significant interest to a shipowner who finances a bareboat charterer to purchase a vessel.
Miscellaneous
Article 7 provides that the shipowner or bareboat charterer is to remain in charge of management of the vessel while under arrest. Should they fail to do so, the maritime court may appoint the claimant or a third party to manage the ship. In which case, the management costs are to be borne by the shipowner or bareboat charterer, or to be paid out of the proceeds of a judicial sale of the vessel.
Under Article 9, the maritime court must terminate the arrest order in the event that it is impossible to enforce the arrest for “objective reasons”. It has not been defined what amounts to “objective reasons”. One possibility could be that the vessel is no longer within the jurisdiction of the Chinese maritime courts, another that the vessel has become a total loss.
The Interpretation should result in a more common approach to arrest and judicial sale by the Chinese maritime courts. However, some issues arising under the SMPL 1999 remain to be resolved, such as whether insolvency of an owner of an arrested ship should take priority over a maritime lien. Nevertheless it is expected that this Interpretation will be generally welcomed by the maritime courts and parties involved in maritime claims.
Acknowledgement: Thanks to Wang Jing & Co for use of their in-house English translation of the Interpretation, in which further details of the changes can found.
Questions or comments concerning this Gard Insight article can be e-mailed to the Gard Editorial Team.
Source: Gard | Hellenic Shipping
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Friday, 13 March 15
U.S. COAL PRODUCTION UP 2.3% WEEK OVER WEEK
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Friday, 13 March 15
ADARO RECORDED A 7% INCREASE IN EBITDA OF $877 MILLION IN 2014
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Thursday, 12 March 15
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Handy
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Thursday, 12 March 15
COAL MINERS REMAIN UNDER PRESSURE AS GLUT CONTINUES - THE JAKARTA POST
Indonesia’s major coal miners reported a significant drop in their earnings last year as the sharp drop in the global demand, mainly from Chi ...
Thursday, 12 March 15
FOB INDONESIA COAL SWAP DROP TO $47.33 A TON IN THE WEEK ENDED MAR.6
COALspot.com: Indonesian coal swaps for delivery Q2' 2015 drop month on month and week over week.
The Q2 swap fell US$ 0.37 (0.78%) month ...
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- Interocean Group of Companies - India
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- Parliament of New Zealand
- Altura Mining Limited, Indonesia
- Central Electricity Authority - India
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- Australian Coal Association
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- Goldman Sachs - Singapore
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- Indian Oil Corporation Limited
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- Banpu Public Company Limited - Thailand
- Dr Ramakrishna Prasad Power Pvt Ltd - India
- Chamber of Mines of South Africa
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- GAC Shipping (India) Pvt Ltd
- Mintek Dendrill Indonesia
- Videocon Industries ltd - India
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- Independent Power Producers Association of India
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- CNBM International Corporation - China
- Directorate Of Revenue Intelligence - India
- The Treasury - Australian Government
- Eastern Coal Council - USA
- PNOC Exploration Corporation - Philippines
- Manunggal Multi Energi - Indonesia
- European Bulk Services B.V. - Netherlands
- Energy Link Ltd, New Zealand
- MS Steel International - UAE
- Intertek Mineral Services - Indonesia
- Kapuas Tunggal Persada - Indonesia
- London Commodity Brokers - England
- Aditya Birla Group - India
- Bukit Baiduri Energy - Indonesia
- ICICI Bank Limited - India
- Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- India Bulls Power Limited - India
- Kepco SPC Power Corporation, Philippines
- Global Coal Blending Company Limited - Australia
- TNB Fuel Sdn Bhd - Malaysia
- Gujarat Mineral Development Corp Ltd - India
- Global Green Power PLC Corporation, Philippines
- Energy Development Corp, Philippines
- Coalindo Energy - Indonesia
- Price Waterhouse Coopers - Russia
- Romanian Commodities Exchange
- Bukit Makmur.PT - Indonesia
- Therma Luzon, Inc, Philippines
- Tata Chemicals Ltd - India
- CIMB Investment Bank - Malaysia
- Madhucon Powers Ltd - India
- Samtan Co., Ltd - South Korea
- Carbofer General Trading SA - India
- Malabar Cements Ltd - India
- Commonwealth Bank - Australia
- Baramulti Group, Indonesia
- Planning Commission, India
- Port Waratah Coal Services - Australia
- Trasteel International SA, Italy
- Mjunction Services Limited - India
- Posco Energy - South Korea
- Alfred C Toepfer International GmbH - Germany
- Medco Energi Mining Internasional
- Holcim Trading Pte Ltd - Singapore
- Heidelberg Cement - Germany
- Thai Mozambique Logistica
- Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited - India
- Metalloyd Limited - United Kingdom
- SMG Consultants - Indonesia
- Kartika Selabumi Mining - Indonesia
- Meralco Power Generation, Philippines
- Standard Chartered Bank - UAE
- Thiess Contractors Indonesia
- Sindya Power Generating Company Private Ltd
- Africa Commodities Group - South Africa
- Georgia Ports Authority, United States
- Bangladesh Power Developement Board
- VISA Power Limited - India
- Jaiprakash Power Ventures ltd
- Economic Council, Georgia
- Kumho Petrochemical, South Korea
- Orica Australia Pty. Ltd.
- International Coal Ventures Pvt Ltd - India
- The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd
- Vedanta Resources Plc - India
- Indonesian Coal Mining Association
- Lanco Infratech Ltd - India
- Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk - Indonesia
- Essar Steel Hazira Ltd - India
- Formosa Plastics Group - Taiwan
- Siam City Cement - Thailand
- Asia Pacific Energy Resources Ventures Inc, Philippines
- Simpson Spence & Young - Indonesia
- Indian Energy Exchange, India
- South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation
- Global Business Power Corporation, Philippines
- Vijayanagar Sugar Pvt Ltd - India
- Borneo Indobara - Indonesia
- Dong Bac Coal Mineral Investment Coporation - Vietnam
- IHS Mccloskey Coal Group - USA
- Kobexindo Tractors - Indoneisa
- Ind-Barath Power Infra Limited - India
- Agrawal Coal Company - India
- Globalindo Alam Lestari - Indonesia
- OPG Power Generation Pvt Ltd - India
- Attock Cement Pakistan Limited
- Indika Energy - Indonesia
- Sakthi Sugars Limited - India
- GMR Energy Limited - India
- Central Java Power - Indonesia
- Truba Alam Manunggal Engineering.Tbk - Indonesia
- Kalimantan Lumbung Energi - Indonesia
- Tamil Nadu electricity Board
- GN Power Mariveles Coal Plant, Philippines
- PTC India Limited - India
- Bhoruka Overseas - Indonesia
- McConnell Dowell - Australia
- Singapore Mercantile Exchange
- Toyota Tsusho Corporation, Japan
- Marubeni Corporation - India
- Ambuja Cements Ltd - India
- Merrill Lynch Commodities Europe
- Parry Sugars Refinery, India
- Cigading International Bulk Terminal - Indonesia
- The University of Queensland
- Ministry of Finance - Indonesia
- Barasentosa Lestari - Indonesia
- Kohat Cement Company Ltd. - Pakistan
- Makarim & Taira - Indonesia
- Maheswari Brothers Coal Limited - India
- Gujarat Sidhee Cement - India
- Mercuria Energy - Indonesia
- White Energy Company Limited
- SMC Global Power, Philippines
- Anglo American - United Kingdom
- Australian Commodity Traders Exchange
- Wood Mackenzie - Singapore
- Sojitz Corporation - Japan
- Indo Tambangraya Megah - Indonesia
- Coastal Gujarat Power Limited - India
- Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd - Australia
- Dalmia Cement Bharat India
- Jindal Steel & Power Ltd - India
- Semirara Mining Corp, Philippines
- Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
- Bhatia International Limited - India
- Meenaskhi Energy Private Limited - India
- GVK Power & Infra Limited - India
- Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd
- Kaltim Prima Coal - Indonesia
- Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Sarangani Energy Corporation, Philippines
- Wilmar Investment Holdings
- Straits Asia Resources Limited - Singapore
- Antam Resourcindo - Indonesia
- Petrochimia International Co. Ltd.- Taiwan
- Siam City Cement PLC, Thailand
- Offshore Bulk Terminal Pte Ltd, Singapore
- Bharathi Cement Corporation - India
- Sical Logistics Limited - India
- Bhushan Steel Limited - India
- ASAPP Information Group - India
- Rio Tinto Coal - Australia
- Aboitiz Power Corporation - Philippines
- Uttam Galva Steels Limited - India
- Directorate General of MIneral and Coal - Indonesia
- Filglen & Citicon Mining (HK) Ltd - Hong Kong
- Sree Jayajothi Cements Limited - India
- Jorong Barutama Greston.PT - Indonesia
- Xindia Steels Limited - India
- Pendopo Energi Batubara - Indonesia
- Krishnapatnam Port Company Ltd. - India
- Sinarmas Energy and Mining - Indonesia
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