We welcome article submissions from experts in the areas of coal, mining,
shipping, etc.
To Submit your article please click here.
|
|
|
Monday, 14 July 14
THE END OF THE ERA OF HEAVY FUEL OIL IN MARITIME SHIPPING - ICCT
 KNOWLEDGE TO ELEVATE
Since the 1960s, heavy fuel oil (HFO) has been the king of marine fuels. Viscous, dirty, yet inexpensive and widely available, HFO propelled a long period of robust growth in international shipping, which carries over 90% of intercontinental trade by volume each year. For many, it is the lifeblood of the maritime shipping industry.
But HFO’s low price does not reflect its impacts on the environment and human health. The sulfur content of HFO can be up to 35,000 parts per million. It is the reason that maritime shipping accounts for 8% of global emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), making the industry an important source for acid rain as well as respiratory diseases. In some populous port cities, such as Hong Kong, shipping is the largest single source of SO2 emissions as well as emissions of particulate matter (PM), which are directly tied to the sulfur content of fuel. By one estimate, PM emissions from maritime shipping led to 87,000 premature deaths worldwide in 2012.
The International Maritime Organization (IMO), the governing body of international shipping, has made a decisive effort to diversify the industry away from HFO into cleaner fuels with less harmful effects on the environment and human health. Effective in 2015, ships operated within the Emission Control Areas (ECAs) covering the Economic Exclusive Zone of North America, the Baltic Sea, the North Sea, and the English Channel will begin to use Marine Gas Oil (MGO) with allowable sulfur content up to 1,000 ppm. Starting from 2020, ships sailing outside ECAs will switch to Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) with permitted sulfur content up to 5,000 ppm.*
That tectonic shift also creates openings for a variety of new fuels. Liquefied nature gas (LNG), newly abundant and relatively affordable, is attracting the attention of many shipping companies. Although the lack of infrastructure and the uncertainty of future prices have slowed the “dash to gas,” many expect LNG to establish itself as one of major alternatives to HFO in the future. Lloyds Registry, a shipping classification society, expects LNG to take 11% of the market share in 2030.
Meanwhile, Stena Teknik, a Swedish company, is testing methanol, another natural gas product, but one that requires less storage space in a ship and is relatively easier to handle. While natural gas-based fuels may sometimes offer questionable climate benefits, due to methane leakage concerns, the IMO’s low-sulfur regulation may create needed openings for other zero-sulfur, low-carbon marine fuels. Tests using fuel cells on the Viking Lady, an offshore supply ship, demonstrated promising results.
Wind kites and solar panels have already been installed on numerous ships to supplement marine diesel engines. Even HFO will not completely disappear from the menu of marine fuels. Combined with scrubbers that capture more than 99% of the sulfur from the exhaust gas, HFO will continue to play an important role. Lloyds Registry reckons that HFO will represent about 40% of fuel use by 2030.
The shift to cleaner but pricier low-sulfur fuels is likely to heighten interest in the “fifth fuel”: energy efficiency. Historically, the maritime shipping industry, where energy often accounts for over half of operating costs, has responded to escalating fuel prices with innovative energy-saving strategies. To cite a recent example: in 2008, as fuel prices went through the roof, shipping lines cut their operating speeds by as much as 50%, helping many companies stay afloat amid one of the worst downturns in history. In an analysis of satellite data on ship operations, we’ve estimated that the industry can further slash 100 million ton of fuel use by 2030 through wider implementation of energy-saving measures that were adopted by industry leaders in 2011.
This is in addition to savings of 90 million tons of fuel because of the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), a mandatory program that will require new ships to achieve certain efficiency targets beginning in 2015.
The continued diversification of marine fuels and improvements in energy efficiency have important implications. First and foremost, they may alleviate concerns about the availability of low-sulfur fuels. Figure 1 illustrates one possible scenario, using our forecast on future marine fuel consumption and energy efficiency improvements as well as Lloyds Registry’s estimate of market shares for HFO and LNG. The efficiency improvement of the legacy fleet is the greatest force driving down the need for low-sulfur fuels, equivalent to adding about 110 “negatons” of fuel, or almost 24% of projected demand. HFO combined with scrubbers, EEDI, and distillates (MGO plus MDO) are almost neck and neck, each representing about 20% of fuel use in the chart. LNG is coming of age, with its share doubling between 2020 and 2030. Other fuels, such as renewables, fuel cells, and biofuels, are expected to hold only small market shares in 2030.
Second, the new fuels are on a collision course with IMO safety regulations concerning flashpoint, the temperature at which a fuel can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air.
The IMO currently requires marine fuels to have a minimum flashpoint of 60°C. But low-sulfur fuels have a lower flashpoint (50° to 55°C), meaning that they are “off-spec” and cannot be used under the IMO rule. The flashpoint requirement, which went into effect in 1976, was meant to provide a large margin of error to ensure the temperature of the engine room (normally below 45°C) does not exceed the flashpoint in any circumstance. But according to industry heavyweights such as Maersk and BIMCO, modern technologies such as advanced ventilation systems provide an adequate safety margin, and they argue that keeping the flashpoint requirement will cause the industry to miss the opportunity represented by the increased availability of low-sulfur, low-flashpoint fuels. Industry and member states such as the U.S. are urging the IMO to accelerate its consideration of an amendment to the flashpoint requirement.
By: Haifeng Wang / The International Council of Clean Transportation
*Implementation of the requirement is subject to a review of fuel availability to be completed by 2016.
If you believe an article violates your rights or the rights of others, please contact us.
|
|
Monday, 26 May 14
Q3 14 CFR SOUTH CHINA COAL SWAPS LOST 2.24% MONTH ON MONTH
COALspot.com: API 8 CFR South China Coal swaps for average Q3 14 deliveries lost 2.24 percent month on month and closed at US$ 73.88 per mt as on F ...
Monday, 26 May 14
NEWBUILDING ORDERING ACTIVITY RISES BY 78% IN DWT TONNAGE OVER THE FIRST 4 MONTHS OF THE YEARS, AS OWNERS INVEST$40.5 BN - NIKOS ROUSSANOGLOU, HELLENIC SHIPPING NEWS
Ship owners have plunged into newbuilding orders during the first four months of the year, as overall newbuilding business ended for the first four ...
Sunday, 25 May 14
FREIGHT RATES FROM SOUTH KALIMANTAN TO EAST COAST INDIAN PORTS WERE ASSESSED AT $9.50/MT
COALspot.com: The BDI was closed at 964 points down by 6.13 pct week on week. The Cape Index was lost 172 points or 11.24% week on week and closing ...
Saturday, 24 May 14
DRY BULK MARKET'S RECOVERY IS JUST AROUND THE CORNER SAYS SHIPOWNER - NIKOS ROUSSANOGLOU, HELLENIC SHIPPING NEWS
Despite the weaker than expected market sentiment in the dry bulk market over the course of the past few months, analysts and shipowners alike appe ...
Friday, 23 May 14
U.S. WEEKLY COAL PRODUCTION SLIPS 1.8% WEEK ENDED MAY 17, 2014
COALspot.com – United States the world's second largest coal producer, produced approximately 18.6 million short tons (mmst) of coal in a ...
|
|
|
Showing 3686 to 3690 news of total 6871 |
|
 |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
 |
|
|
| |
|
- The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd
- Power Finance Corporation Ltd., India
- Kohat Cement Company Ltd. - Pakistan
- Pipit Mutiara Jaya. PT, Indonesia
- Cement Manufacturers Association - India
- McConnell Dowell - Australia
- Indogreen Group - Indonesia
- PowerSource Philippines DevCo
- Directorate Of Revenue Intelligence - India
- Vijayanagar Sugar Pvt Ltd - India
- Semirara Mining Corp, Philippines
- Sinarmas Energy and Mining - Indonesia
- Kepco SPC Power Corporation, Philippines
- Thiess Contractors Indonesia
- Rio Tinto Coal - Australia
- Jorong Barutama Greston.PT - Indonesia
- Kartika Selabumi Mining - Indonesia
- San Jose City I Power Corp, Philippines
- Simpson Spence & Young - Indonesia
- Miang Besar Coal Terminal - Indonesia
- Ind-Barath Power Infra Limited - India
- Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd - Australia
- Planning Commission, India
- Directorate General of MIneral and Coal - Indonesia
- Ambuja Cements Ltd - India
- Formosa Plastics Group - Taiwan
- Deloitte Consulting - India
- Indian Energy Exchange, India
- Ceylon Electricity Board - Sri Lanka
- Indonesian Coal Mining Association
- SMC Global Power, Philippines
- Vizag Seaport Private Limited - India
- Kideco Jaya Agung - Indonesia
- Economic Council, Georgia
- Marubeni Corporation - India
- Tata Chemicals Ltd - India
- Siam City Cement - Thailand
- SN Aboitiz Power Inc, Philippines
- The Treasury - Australian Government
- Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
- Jaiprakash Power Ventures ltd
- Krishnapatnam Port Company Ltd. - India
- Globalindo Alam Lestari - Indonesia
- Dalmia Cement Bharat India
- India Bulls Power Limited - India
- Antam Resourcindo - Indonesia
- IEA Clean Coal Centre - UK
- Sakthi Sugars Limited - India
- Lanco Infratech Ltd - India
- Borneo Indobara - Indonesia
- Heidelberg Cement - Germany
- International Coal Ventures Pvt Ltd - India
- Xindia Steels Limited - India
- Coalindo Energy - Indonesia
- Merrill Lynch Commodities Europe
- Timah Investasi Mineral - Indoneisa
- Salva Resources Pvt Ltd - India
- Goldman Sachs - Singapore
- SMG Consultants - Indonesia
- Attock Cement Pakistan Limited
- Anglo American - United Kingdom
- Tamil Nadu electricity Board
- Indika Energy - Indonesia
- Energy Link Ltd, New Zealand
- Vedanta Resources Plc - India
- Kapuas Tunggal Persada - Indonesia
- Mercator Lines Limited - India
- Africa Commodities Group - South Africa
- Bhushan Steel Limited - India
- ICICI Bank Limited - India
- New Zealand Coal & Carbon
- LBH Netherlands Bv - Netherlands
- PTC India Limited - India
- Ministry of Mines - Canada
- Maheswari Brothers Coal Limited - India
- Videocon Industries ltd - India
- Eastern Coal Council - USA
- Oldendorff Carriers - Singapore
- Price Waterhouse Coopers - Russia
- Altura Mining Limited, Indonesia
- Bukit Baiduri Energy - Indonesia
- Minerals Council of Australia
- Kalimantan Lumbung Energi - Indonesia
- Posco Energy - South Korea
- PetroVietnam Power Coal Import and Supply Company
- Ministry of Transport, Egypt
- South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation
- Commonwealth Bank - Australia
- ASAPP Information Group - India
- Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited - India
- Bharathi Cement Corporation - India
- Makarim & Taira - Indonesia
- Bayan Resources Tbk. - Indonesia
- Mintek Dendrill Indonesia
- Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Iligan Light & Power Inc, Philippines
- Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd, - India
- Star Paper Mills Limited - India
- Chettinad Cement Corporation Ltd - India
- Meralco Power Generation, Philippines
- Billiton Holdings Pty Ltd - Australia
- Port Waratah Coal Services - Australia
- Kobexindo Tractors - Indoneisa
- Asia Pacific Energy Resources Ventures Inc, Philippines
- Renaissance Capital - South Africa
- Singapore Mercantile Exchange
- Alfred C Toepfer International GmbH - Germany
- Australian Commodity Traders Exchange
- Global Business Power Corporation, Philippines
- Metalloyd Limited - United Kingdom
- Semirara Mining and Power Corporation, Philippines
- Coastal Gujarat Power Limited - India
- Electricity Authority, New Zealand
- Straits Asia Resources Limited - Singapore
- Aditya Birla Group - India
- Central Java Power - Indonesia
- Intertek Mineral Services - Indonesia
- London Commodity Brokers - England
- AsiaOL BioFuels Corp., Philippines
- Filglen & Citicon Mining (HK) Ltd - Hong Kong
- Sarangani Energy Corporation, Philippines
- Carbofer General Trading SA - India
- OPG Power Generation Pvt Ltd - India
- Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk - Indonesia
- Meenaskhi Energy Private Limited - India
- Sree Jayajothi Cements Limited - India
- Toyota Tsusho Corporation, Japan
- Latin American Coal - Colombia
- Karbindo Abesyapradhi - Indoneisa
- Dong Bac Coal Mineral Investment Coporation - Vietnam
- Manunggal Multi Energi - Indonesia
- Mjunction Services Limited - India
- Aboitiz Power Corporation - Philippines
- Bhoruka Overseas - Indonesia
- Parliament of New Zealand
- Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd
- Uttam Galva Steels Limited - India
- Central Electricity Authority - India
- Kumho Petrochemical, South Korea
- GVK Power & Infra Limited - India
- Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Karaikal Port Pvt Ltd - India
- Bahari Cakrawala Sebuku - Indonesia
- Baramulti Group, Indonesia
- Independent Power Producers Association of India
- Parry Sugars Refinery, India
- The University of Queensland
- Sical Logistics Limited - India
- Gujarat Mineral Development Corp Ltd - India
- GMR Energy Limited - India
- Coal and Oil Company - UAE
- Romanian Commodities Exchange
- IHS Mccloskey Coal Group - USA
- Pendopo Energi Batubara - Indonesia
- Bukit Makmur.PT - Indonesia
- Chamber of Mines of South Africa
- Wood Mackenzie - Singapore
- Georgia Ports Authority, United States
- Medco Energi Mining Internasional
- Siam City Cement PLC, Thailand
- Samtan Co., Ltd - South Korea
- CNBM International Corporation - China
- Agrawal Coal Company - India
- Holcim Trading Pte Ltd - Singapore
- Larsen & Toubro Limited - India
- Global Coal Blending Company Limited - Australia
- Eastern Energy - Thailand
- Petrochimia International Co. Ltd.- Taiwan
- Wilmar Investment Holdings
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited
- Australian Coal Association
- VISA Power Limited - India
- CIMB Investment Bank - Malaysia
- Interocean Group of Companies - India
- Standard Chartered Bank - UAE
- Ministry of Finance - Indonesia
- MS Steel International - UAE
- Orica Australia Pty. Ltd.
- Sindya Power Generating Company Private Ltd
- Therma Luzon, Inc, Philippines
- Kaltim Prima Coal - Indonesia
- Bangladesh Power Developement Board
- Savvy Resources Ltd - HongKong
- European Bulk Services B.V. - Netherlands
- Orica Mining Services - Indonesia
- Barasentosa Lestari - Indonesia
- Grasim Industreis Ltd - India
- Asmin Koalindo Tuhup - Indonesia
- Riau Bara Harum - Indonesia
- Madhucon Powers Ltd - India
- Global Green Power PLC Corporation, Philippines
- Sojitz Corporation - Japan
- Bulk Trading Sa - Switzerland
- TNB Fuel Sdn Bhd - Malaysia
- Thai Mozambique Logistica
- Essar Steel Hazira Ltd - India
- Gujarat Sidhee Cement - India
- Jindal Steel & Power Ltd - India
- Offshore Bulk Terminal Pte Ltd, Singapore
- GN Power Mariveles Coal Plant, Philippines
- Dr Ramakrishna Prasad Power Pvt Ltd - India
- GAC Shipping (India) Pvt Ltd
- Bhatia International Limited - India
- PNOC Exploration Corporation - Philippines
- Trasteel International SA, Italy
- Petron Corporation, Philippines
- Truba Alam Manunggal Engineering.Tbk - Indonesia
- Energy Development Corp, Philippines
- Malabar Cements Ltd - India
- White Energy Company Limited
- Banpu Public Company Limited - Thailand
- Edison Trading Spa - Italy
- Mercuria Energy - Indonesia
- Indo Tambangraya Megah - Indonesia
- TeaM Sual Corporation - Philippines
- Cigading International Bulk Terminal - Indonesia
- Binh Thuan Hamico - Vietnam
|
| |
| |
|
