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Monday, 14 July 14
THE END OF THE ERA OF HEAVY FUEL OIL IN MARITIME SHIPPING - ICCT
 KNOWLEDGE TO ELEVATE
Since the 1960s, heavy fuel oil (HFO) has been the king of marine fuels. Viscous, dirty, yet inexpensive and widely available, HFO propelled a long period of robust growth in international shipping, which carries over 90% of intercontinental trade by volume each year. For many, it is the lifeblood of the maritime shipping industry.
But HFO’s low price does not reflect its impacts on the environment and human health. The sulfur content of HFO can be up to 35,000 parts per million. It is the reason that maritime shipping accounts for 8% of global emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), making the industry an important source for acid rain as well as respiratory diseases. In some populous port cities, such as Hong Kong, shipping is the largest single source of SO2 emissions as well as emissions of particulate matter (PM), which are directly tied to the sulfur content of fuel. By one estimate, PM emissions from maritime shipping led to 87,000 premature deaths worldwide in 2012.
The International Maritime Organization (IMO), the governing body of international shipping, has made a decisive effort to diversify the industry away from HFO into cleaner fuels with less harmful effects on the environment and human health. Effective in 2015, ships operated within the Emission Control Areas (ECAs) covering the Economic Exclusive Zone of North America, the Baltic Sea, the North Sea, and the English Channel will begin to use Marine Gas Oil (MGO) with allowable sulfur content up to 1,000 ppm. Starting from 2020, ships sailing outside ECAs will switch to Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) with permitted sulfur content up to 5,000 ppm.*
That tectonic shift also creates openings for a variety of new fuels. Liquefied nature gas (LNG), newly abundant and relatively affordable, is attracting the attention of many shipping companies. Although the lack of infrastructure and the uncertainty of future prices have slowed the “dash to gas,” many expect LNG to establish itself as one of major alternatives to HFO in the future. Lloyds Registry, a shipping classification society, expects LNG to take 11% of the market share in 2030.
Meanwhile, Stena Teknik, a Swedish company, is testing methanol, another natural gas product, but one that requires less storage space in a ship and is relatively easier to handle. While natural gas-based fuels may sometimes offer questionable climate benefits, due to methane leakage concerns, the IMO’s low-sulfur regulation may create needed openings for other zero-sulfur, low-carbon marine fuels. Tests using fuel cells on the Viking Lady, an offshore supply ship, demonstrated promising results.
Wind kites and solar panels have already been installed on numerous ships to supplement marine diesel engines. Even HFO will not completely disappear from the menu of marine fuels. Combined with scrubbers that capture more than 99% of the sulfur from the exhaust gas, HFO will continue to play an important role. Lloyds Registry reckons that HFO will represent about 40% of fuel use by 2030.
The shift to cleaner but pricier low-sulfur fuels is likely to heighten interest in the “fifth fuel”: energy efficiency. Historically, the maritime shipping industry, where energy often accounts for over half of operating costs, has responded to escalating fuel prices with innovative energy-saving strategies. To cite a recent example: in 2008, as fuel prices went through the roof, shipping lines cut their operating speeds by as much as 50%, helping many companies stay afloat amid one of the worst downturns in history. In an analysis of satellite data on ship operations, we’ve estimated that the industry can further slash 100 million ton of fuel use by 2030 through wider implementation of energy-saving measures that were adopted by industry leaders in 2011.
This is in addition to savings of 90 million tons of fuel because of the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), a mandatory program that will require new ships to achieve certain efficiency targets beginning in 2015.
The continued diversification of marine fuels and improvements in energy efficiency have important implications. First and foremost, they may alleviate concerns about the availability of low-sulfur fuels. Figure 1 illustrates one possible scenario, using our forecast on future marine fuel consumption and energy efficiency improvements as well as Lloyds Registry’s estimate of market shares for HFO and LNG. The efficiency improvement of the legacy fleet is the greatest force driving down the need for low-sulfur fuels, equivalent to adding about 110 “negatons” of fuel, or almost 24% of projected demand. HFO combined with scrubbers, EEDI, and distillates (MGO plus MDO) are almost neck and neck, each representing about 20% of fuel use in the chart. LNG is coming of age, with its share doubling between 2020 and 2030. Other fuels, such as renewables, fuel cells, and biofuels, are expected to hold only small market shares in 2030.
Second, the new fuels are on a collision course with IMO safety regulations concerning flashpoint, the temperature at which a fuel can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air.
The IMO currently requires marine fuels to have a minimum flashpoint of 60°C. But low-sulfur fuels have a lower flashpoint (50° to 55°C), meaning that they are “off-spec” and cannot be used under the IMO rule. The flashpoint requirement, which went into effect in 1976, was meant to provide a large margin of error to ensure the temperature of the engine room (normally below 45°C) does not exceed the flashpoint in any circumstance. But according to industry heavyweights such as Maersk and BIMCO, modern technologies such as advanced ventilation systems provide an adequate safety margin, and they argue that keeping the flashpoint requirement will cause the industry to miss the opportunity represented by the increased availability of low-sulfur, low-flashpoint fuels. Industry and member states such as the U.S. are urging the IMO to accelerate its consideration of an amendment to the flashpoint requirement.
By: Haifeng Wang / The International Council of Clean Transportation
*Implementation of the requirement is subject to a review of fuel availability to be completed by 2016.
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Monday, 17 July 23
APPROVED AMMONIA-FUELED CONTAINERSHIP - BENEFITS AND RISKS: REED SMITH
Following the news in Offshore Energy that Korea Maritime Consultants has secured approval in principle from the American Bureau of Shipping for it ...
Friday, 14 July 23
CLEAN COAL USE KEY TO DEEP CUTS IN EMISSIONS, STABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY - CHINA DAILY
China must push for the clean use of coal and step up integration of the dirty fuel with carbon capture, utilization and storage to achieve sustain ...
Thursday, 13 July 23
VIETNAM'S COAL EMISSIONS PRIMED FOR SURGE AFTER IMPORTS JUMP - REUTERS
Vietnam’s thermal power emissions are primed for a steep climb this summer after the country’s imports of thermal coal soared to their ...
Monday, 26 June 23
COAL PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION UP IN 2022 - EUROSTAT
In 2022, EU coal production and consumption continued to increase, reaching 349 million tonnes (+5% compared with the previous year) and 454 millio ...
Wednesday, 21 June 23
QATAR STRIKES SECOND BIG LNG SUPPLY DEAL WITH CHINA - REUTERS
Qatar on Tuesday secured its second large gas supply deal with a Chinese state-controlled company in less than a year, putting Asia clearly ahead i ...
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- Malabar Cements Ltd - India
- Krishnapatnam Port Company Ltd. - India
- Ministry of Finance - Indonesia
- GN Power Mariveles Coal Plant, Philippines
- Indogreen Group - Indonesia
- Anglo American - United Kingdom
- Attock Cement Pakistan Limited
- Karaikal Port Pvt Ltd - India
- Parliament of New Zealand
- Semirara Mining Corp, Philippines
- Agrawal Coal Company - India
- Mercuria Energy - Indonesia
- Savvy Resources Ltd - HongKong
- Jaiprakash Power Ventures ltd
- Intertek Mineral Services - Indonesia
- Posco Energy - South Korea
- Meralco Power Generation, Philippines
- VISA Power Limited - India
- Interocean Group of Companies - India
- Kohat Cement Company Ltd. - Pakistan
- European Bulk Services B.V. - Netherlands
- Mjunction Services Limited - India
- Merrill Lynch Commodities Europe
- Filglen & Citicon Mining (HK) Ltd - Hong Kong
- Bukit Makmur.PT - Indonesia
- Larsen & Toubro Limited - India
- Essar Steel Hazira Ltd - India
- Kalimantan Lumbung Energi - Indonesia
- Lanco Infratech Ltd - India
- GMR Energy Limited - India
- Petron Corporation, Philippines
- Kideco Jaya Agung - Indonesia
- LBH Netherlands Bv - Netherlands
- Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited - India
- Romanian Commodities Exchange
- Kobexindo Tractors - Indoneisa
- Global Business Power Corporation, Philippines
- Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk - Indonesia
- Iligan Light & Power Inc, Philippines
- Borneo Indobara - Indonesia
- Singapore Mercantile Exchange
- Cement Manufacturers Association - India
- Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd, - India
- Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
- Georgia Ports Authority, United States
- New Zealand Coal & Carbon
- Chettinad Cement Corporation Ltd - India
- Globalindo Alam Lestari - Indonesia
- Directorate Of Revenue Intelligence - India
- Wilmar Investment Holdings
- Bhushan Steel Limited - India
- Formosa Plastics Group - Taiwan
- Eastern Coal Council - USA
- Thiess Contractors Indonesia
- Vijayanagar Sugar Pvt Ltd - India
- Meenaskhi Energy Private Limited - India
- Jorong Barutama Greston.PT - Indonesia
- Tata Chemicals Ltd - India
- Asmin Koalindo Tuhup - Indonesia
- Carbofer General Trading SA - India
- Miang Besar Coal Terminal - Indonesia
- Holcim Trading Pte Ltd - Singapore
- The University of Queensland
- MS Steel International - UAE
- Billiton Holdings Pty Ltd - Australia
- Metalloyd Limited - United Kingdom
- Videocon Industries ltd - India
- Bhoruka Overseas - Indonesia
- Deloitte Consulting - India
- Central Java Power - Indonesia
- Chamber of Mines of South Africa
- Edison Trading Spa - Italy
- Ministry of Mines - Canada
- Timah Investasi Mineral - Indoneisa
- Australian Commodity Traders Exchange
- PNOC Exploration Corporation - Philippines
- GAC Shipping (India) Pvt Ltd
- Binh Thuan Hamico - Vietnam
- Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission - India
- Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd - Australia
- Straits Asia Resources Limited - Singapore
- Indian Energy Exchange, India
- London Commodity Brokers - England
- Star Paper Mills Limited - India
- Sojitz Corporation - Japan
- Orica Australia Pty. Ltd.
- Sakthi Sugars Limited - India
- Semirara Mining and Power Corporation, Philippines
- Madhucon Powers Ltd - India
- Manunggal Multi Energi - Indonesia
- Karbindo Abesyapradhi - Indoneisa
- ASAPP Information Group - India
- OPG Power Generation Pvt Ltd - India
- Kepco SPC Power Corporation, Philippines
- Rio Tinto Coal - Australia
- Ind-Barath Power Infra Limited - India
- Bhatia International Limited - India
- PowerSource Philippines DevCo
- McConnell Dowell - Australia
- The Treasury - Australian Government
- Energy Development Corp, Philippines
- Africa Commodities Group - South Africa
- CNBM International Corporation - China
- Cigading International Bulk Terminal - Indonesia
- Pendopo Energi Batubara - Indonesia
- Price Waterhouse Coopers - Russia
- SMC Global Power, Philippines
- Vizag Seaport Private Limited - India
- Port Waratah Coal Services - Australia
- Standard Chartered Bank - UAE
- Commonwealth Bank - Australia
- Salva Resources Pvt Ltd - India
- Samtan Co., Ltd - South Korea
- Kumho Petrochemical, South Korea
- Alfred C Toepfer International GmbH - Germany
- Bulk Trading Sa - Switzerland
- Coastal Gujarat Power Limited - India
- Independent Power Producers Association of India
- Latin American Coal - Colombia
- Trasteel International SA, Italy
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited
- Oldendorff Carriers - Singapore
- Truba Alam Manunggal Engineering.Tbk - Indonesia
- Asia Pacific Energy Resources Ventures Inc, Philippines
- Minerals Council of Australia
- Bahari Cakrawala Sebuku - Indonesia
- Parry Sugars Refinery, India
- Indika Energy - Indonesia
- GVK Power & Infra Limited - India
- San Jose City I Power Corp, Philippines
- Eastern Energy - Thailand
- Aboitiz Power Corporation - Philippines
- Kapuas Tunggal Persada - Indonesia
- Renaissance Capital - South Africa
- Electricity Authority, New Zealand
- Antam Resourcindo - Indonesia
- Wood Mackenzie - Singapore
- Bharathi Cement Corporation - India
- Dalmia Cement Bharat India
- Global Coal Blending Company Limited - Australia
- Bangladesh Power Developement Board
- Planning Commission, India
- Coal and Oil Company - UAE
- Gujarat Mineral Development Corp Ltd - India
- IEA Clean Coal Centre - UK
- Tamil Nadu electricity Board
- Toyota Tsusho Corporation, Japan
- Barasentosa Lestari - Indonesia
- Orica Mining Services - Indonesia
- Directorate General of MIneral and Coal - Indonesia
- South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation
- Economic Council, Georgia
- Offshore Bulk Terminal Pte Ltd, Singapore
- SN Aboitiz Power Inc, Philippines
- Sinarmas Energy and Mining - Indonesia
- Bayan Resources Tbk. - Indonesia
- Mercator Lines Limited - India
- Sindya Power Generating Company Private Ltd
- Dr Ramakrishna Prasad Power Pvt Ltd - India
- Central Electricity Authority - India
- Global Green Power PLC Corporation, Philippines
- Indonesian Coal Mining Association
- IHS Mccloskey Coal Group - USA
- Pipit Mutiara Jaya. PT, Indonesia
- Aditya Birla Group - India
- Siam City Cement - Thailand
- Altura Mining Limited, Indonesia
- AsiaOL BioFuels Corp., Philippines
- Goldman Sachs - Singapore
- Dong Bac Coal Mineral Investment Coporation - Vietnam
- SMG Consultants - Indonesia
- Australian Coal Association
- Grasim Industreis Ltd - India
- Therma Luzon, Inc, Philippines
- Vedanta Resources Plc - India
- CIMB Investment Bank - Malaysia
- Bukit Baiduri Energy - Indonesia
- Sree Jayajothi Cements Limited - India
- TeaM Sual Corporation - Philippines
- Mintek Dendrill Indonesia
- Ambuja Cements Ltd - India
- White Energy Company Limited
- Baramulti Group, Indonesia
- Heidelberg Cement - Germany
- Energy Link Ltd, New Zealand
- ICICI Bank Limited - India
- Sical Logistics Limited - India
- Gujarat Sidhee Cement - India
- Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd
- Medco Energi Mining Internasional
- Riau Bara Harum - Indonesia
- Coalindo Energy - Indonesia
- Simpson Spence & Young - Indonesia
- Jindal Steel & Power Ltd - India
- Maheswari Brothers Coal Limited - India
- Ministry of Transport, Egypt
- Kartika Selabumi Mining - Indonesia
- Xindia Steels Limited - India
- Banpu Public Company Limited - Thailand
- India Bulls Power Limited - India
- Petrochimia International Co. Ltd.- Taiwan
- Uttam Galva Steels Limited - India
- PTC India Limited - India
- Makarim & Taira - Indonesia
- Marubeni Corporation - India
- The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd
- TNB Fuel Sdn Bhd - Malaysia
- Ceylon Electricity Board - Sri Lanka
- Sarangani Energy Corporation, Philippines
- Siam City Cement PLC, Thailand
- International Coal Ventures Pvt Ltd - India
- Power Finance Corporation Ltd., India
- Thai Mozambique Logistica
- Kaltim Prima Coal - Indonesia
- PetroVietnam Power Coal Import and Supply Company
- Indo Tambangraya Megah - Indonesia
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