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Sunday, 20 June 10
OUR COAL: ITS DEVELOPMENT AND CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES
 Indonesia’s production of coal has been growing amazingly. In the mid 1980s, national coal production was less than 1 million tons per annum, whereas energy planners (in the fourth Five Year Development Plan: 1989-1994) pointed at 10 million tons as the national production target.
The current production has jumped dramatically, recorded as 237 million tons in 2008 (predicted to achieve 270 million tons this year), making Indonesia a world class producer and the largest exporter of coal around the globe. The skyrocketing growth of our coal production has also incited many controversial issues.
Coal is considered as the dirtiest among fossil fuels, making environmentalists oppose their wide use
as fuel.
However, the proposal for ceasing use of coal — power generation, for instance — would be challenged by power utilities demanding low cost fuel that coal may offer and by the government, which has the responsibility to provide electricity as well as have revenue from exploiting its energy resources.
Despite the world’s rising anxiety of global warming, IEA (International Energy Agency: World Energy Outlook 2009) statistics shows that the world consumption for coal, for the last decade, is still growing the fastest among primary energy sources.
The environmental problem associated with coal in Indonesia is not limited to green houses gases (GHG), but also damage and pollution since its exploitation, transportation and uses to post mining.
It is easy to find where many coal fields are not mined appropriately according to “good mining and environmental practices”, coal transportation is not considering safety standards and is damaging rivers, (public) roads and seashores.
The coal mining has polluted the land, water and air of especially Kalimantan, where more than 90 percent of Indonesia’s coal mining operations take place.
It is sad that many of the previous mining areas have been abandoned without being properly reclaimed, whereas thousands of hectares of the island’s tropical forests have been converted into desert.
The soaring exploitation, including its negative impact on the environment, has a strong correlation with the number of licensing/permits awarded.
The introduction of the 1999 Regional Autonomy Law, subsequently followed by the 1999 Fiscal Balancing Law between the Central and Regional Governments have — to some degree — impacted on the coal licensing regime, where larger authorities had been given to regional/local governments.
Under the new licensing regime by local governments, requirements for coal permits tend to be relaxed whereas monitoring has not been done properly.
As a result, the number of permits (Mining Authorization/KP) has been growing considerably (currently 462, of which 169 are producing), coal production increases, but also environmental problems and the issues of illegal mining exist.
The question of who really owns the KP licenses exists, which was defined as that it can be owned by Indonesian national/companies only.
While the largest part of coal in Indonesia are being produced by large companies (the holders of Coal Contract of Work/PKP2B), some coal is mined by small scale and illegal miners.
It is believed that a significant amount of coal has been produced by illegal miners (some 5 million tons annually) and part has gone to meet export demand.
Wherever in the world, illegal miners lack interest in responsible mining and mine rehabilitation practices. Illegal mining is a problem for potential investors, the environment and government revenues.
The government has introduced measures to crack down on problems, including arresting illegal miners.
However, it cannot be the only solution since illegal mining is actually rooted in underemployment, local poverty and weak law enforcement, while the number of people involved in these activities is quite significant.
An alternative to confrontation to illegal miners by the central government (who awards the large scale PKP2B mining license) should be a cooperative and more comprehensive approach.
“Despite the world’s anxiety of global warming, IEA statistics shows that the world consumption for coal is still growing the fastest among primary energy sources.”
Work together with local/rural governments and communities to reduce poverty, educate/assist the illegal miners to increase their awareness on good mining practices (including mine rehabilitation), provide transition period fiscal incentives to encourage illegal mining toward the regulated mining sector, among others.
It needs to maintain an appropriate balance between the soaring exports of coal (about three quarters of production on average) and the domestic growing demand for the same fuel.
Push for exports is still coming largely from the traditional East Asians (Japan is the largest), while the coal-hungry India and China are also increasing their demand for our coal.
The exports will be competed with by the Blue Print for Energy Management 2005-2025 pointing out that one third of Indonesia’s energy primary energy mix in 2025 is to be supplied by coal, (the current share is about 15 percent).
Even though it is often mentioned that our coal reserves are quite large (current proven reserves of 5.5 billion tons; estimated resources of 105 tones) and that our reserves for coal are much larger than that of oil and gas, we should watch their fast rate of exploitation cautiously.
It needs to recalculate the benefit of exploiting them, taking into account their damage to the environment and what is left post mining. Where have all the revenues from exploiting that coal gone? Is the escalating export not jeopardizing the domestic energy security in the near future?
We have ample experiences, for instance in exploiting the resources-rich Kalimantan. The forests, oil and gas reserves have been exploited for about four to five decades, but it seems that the island has not enjoyed the fruits of the excessive exploitation: the current regional economy remains weak, infrastructure is poor and energy supplies for local uses have not been secured.
It needs to promote the terms “resources balance, depletion, sustainability”, start internalizing the costs of environmental impact and enforce those concepts into workable policies for our coal mining development.
The writer is the senior energy planner and an economist with the National Development Planning Agency. The opinions expressed are his own.
Source: The Jakarta Post ( Hanan Nugroho)
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Friday, 31 December 10
STC TO FINALIZE 12 MILLION MT OF COAL IMPORT CONTRACT TO TWO INDIAN AND A DUBAI BASED COAL TRADER - SOURCES
COALspot.com - World's single largest coal import tender floated by STC on behalf of state utility NTPC to finalize its suppliers or already finali ...
Thursday, 30 December 10
DRY BULK MARKET STAYS SUBDUED AT THE END OF 2010 - NIKOS ROUSSANOGLOU, HELLENIC SHIPPING
The dy bulk market failed to cheer ship owners across the board as the year draws to an end, thus bringing mixed feelings ahead of 2011. On one hand ...
Thursday, 30 December 10
KANGAROO RESOURCES BUYS INDONESIAN COAL COMPANY
Australian-listed Kangaroo Resources Ltd. said Wednesday it will buy 99% of the Pakar thermal coal project in East Kalimantan, for A$277 million thr ...
Wednesday, 29 December 10
WEATHER IMPACTS RIO TINTO COAL AUSTRALIAS QUEENSLAND OPERATIONS
Press Release - As a result of severe monsoonal rain in central and northern Queensland, force majeure has been declared on coal sales contracts fro ...
Monday, 27 December 10
ANALYSIS: CHINA'S COAL PRODUCTION MISMATCHED WITH DOMESTIC DEMAND
As reported by iStock Analyst, China's coal market has been trapped in a strange cycle. Large coal production bases are facing overcapacity, while ...
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- Global Coal Blending Company Limited - Australia
- New Zealand Coal & Carbon
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- Eastern Coal Council - USA
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- Bangladesh Power Developement Board
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- Wood Mackenzie - Singapore
- Dong Bac Coal Mineral Investment Coporation - Vietnam
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- Directorate Of Revenue Intelligence - India
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- Power Finance Corporation Ltd., India
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- Petron Corporation, Philippines
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- Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd - Australia
- Planning Commission, India
- Holcim Trading Pte Ltd - Singapore
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- AsiaOL BioFuels Corp., Philippines
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- Indika Energy - Indonesia
- Cigading International Bulk Terminal - Indonesia
- Ministry of Mines - Canada
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- Electricity Authority, New Zealand
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- Globalindo Alam Lestari - Indonesia
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- Coal and Oil Company - UAE
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- Economic Council, Georgia
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- Chamber of Mines of South Africa
- Petrochimia International Co. Ltd.- Taiwan
- London Commodity Brokers - England
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- Singapore Mercantile Exchange
- Central Electricity Authority - India
- Metalloyd Limited - United Kingdom
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- The Treasury - Australian Government
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- Agrawal Coal Company - India
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- IEA Clean Coal Centre - UK
- GVK Power & Infra Limited - India
- Kideco Jaya Agung - Indonesia
- Coastal Gujarat Power Limited - India
- McConnell Dowell - Australia
- ASAPP Information Group - India
- MS Steel International - UAE
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- Dalmia Cement Bharat India
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- Simpson Spence & Young - Indonesia
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- Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk - Indonesia
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- Mintek Dendrill Indonesia
- Maheswari Brothers Coal Limited - India
- Kapuas Tunggal Persada - Indonesia
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- Energy Link Ltd, New Zealand
- Banpu Public Company Limited - Thailand
- Sarangani Energy Corporation, Philippines
- Sakthi Sugars Limited - India
- Ind-Barath Power Infra Limited - India
- Commonwealth Bank - Australia
- The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd
- Medco Energi Mining Internasional
- GAC Shipping (India) Pvt Ltd
- Intertek Mineral Services - Indonesia
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- Mjunction Services Limited - India
- PetroVietnam Power Coal Import and Supply Company
- Malabar Cements Ltd - India
- Thiess Contractors Indonesia
- Georgia Ports Authority, United States
- Timah Investasi Mineral - Indoneisa
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- Straits Asia Resources Limited - Singapore
- Kobexindo Tractors - Indoneisa
- Interocean Group of Companies - India
- SMG Consultants - Indonesia
- Chettinad Cement Corporation Ltd - India
- Mercuria Energy - Indonesia
- Minerals Council of Australia
- Posco Energy - South Korea
- Sical Logistics Limited - India
- Australian Commodity Traders Exchange
- Larsen & Toubro Limited - India
- GMR Energy Limited - India
- Vizag Seaport Private Limited - India
- IHS Mccloskey Coal Group - USA
- Meralco Power Generation, Philippines
- Tamil Nadu electricity Board
- Bhoruka Overseas - Indonesia
- Miang Besar Coal Terminal - Indonesia
- Ceylon Electricity Board - Sri Lanka
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- Central Java Power - Indonesia
- Ministry of Finance - Indonesia
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- The University of Queensland
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- European Bulk Services B.V. - Netherlands
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